Gall stone disease (Cholelithiasis) is the most prevalent and chronic hepatobiliary disease affecting humans, especially fertile women. They represent a significant burden throughout the world and is the most common disorder leading to emergency. The prevalence of this disease varies by age, gender, region, lifestyle and dietary habits. The pathogenesis involves many factors and may arise from the complex interactions between genetic and environmental factors. The present review is focused on overall information about the etiology, risk factors, clinical manifestations, pathogenesis, role of diet, sedentary lifestyle, hormones and biomarkers in the development of stones in the gall bladder and the relation between cholelithiasis and Non Alcoholic Fatty Liver.

Hyperlipidemia can be defined as a medical condition characterized by an increase in plasma lipids and plasma lipoproteins. This higher level of plasma lipids could be a major risk factor associated with various cardiovascular diseases. Over the years, statins and fibrates evolved to become the foremost widely prescribed agents for the elevated lipid profile even with their side effects. The current review focuses mainly on the ''role of vitamins within the lipid profile of hyperlipidemic patients, different classes of hyperlipidemia, pharmacological treatment and also the influence of the vitamin supplements with respect to the lipid metabolism''. This review suggests that a hyperlipidemic treatment regimen along with vitamins may help reduce the high serum lipid levels and thereby reduce the risk in the development of cardiovascular diseases.

This pre-and post-trial (quasi-experiment) research studied the effectiveness of local hair serum products (Indigo, Lakoocha, Gotu kola, Ginger, Dainty spure, Yanang, and Leech Lime) for people aged 30-60 years in upper northeastern Thailand. In total, 13,637 people were chosen for the study during January 2020 to May 2021. The samples were divided into experimental groups and control groups, with 26 persons in each group. Data were collected from the sample groups by interviewing at 0.90 confidence and then analyzed using: • Descriptive statistics: percentage, average, standard deviation; and • Inference statistics: odds ratio and 95% CI, independent t-test, and paired t-test. The results showed that risk factors for hair loss were staining, bending, stretching, and environmental factors (p < 0.05). Compared with the control groups, the growth rate of the experimental groups increased from 0.16 to 0.82 centimeters (p< 0.0001), the rate of dandruff decreased from 30.10 to 8.34 (p = 0.028), and the rate of hair loss decreased from 14.56 to 10.19 (p< 0.0001). The effectiveness of reduced hair loss and dandruff, and increased hair growth among the experimental groups was better than for the control groups (p < 0.05). In addition, the sample groups were satisfied with the hair serum products from local herbs at the moderate-to-good level at 57.7%.

In today’s era use of immunomodulators has tremendously increased to treat various human and animal diseases like viral diseases,cancer, autoimmune diseases, inflammantary conditions etc. Immunity is the body’s natural ability to identify and resist various infectious disease and disorders. Immunomodulators are biological or synthetic substances that can stimulate suppress or modulate any aspect of immunity including adaptive as well as innate immunity. Various factors such as balanced diet,environmental temperature,stress, pathogenic and non-pathogenic bacteria,proper exercise affect the immunity. Natural drugs are used since ancient times for treatment of various diseases because of minimal side effects. Natural compounds are also used enormously as immunomodulators. There are about 1000 natural compounds having immunomodulatory effect they either affect the immune cells or affect the antibody secretion and influence the immune response. Here in this review we have discussed in detail definition of immunity,concept of immunomodulators,classification of immunomodulators,correlation between immunomodulators and Ayurveda and Ayurvedic plants having immunomodulatory activity. The main purpose of this review is to highlight efficacy of available literature on Ayurvedic plants as immunomodulators.

Background and Aim: Many medical centers have applied TACE which include conventional transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (cTACE) and chemoembolization with drug-eluting beads (DEB-TACE) in their routine treatment. The dual benefit of DEB-TACE lies in their ability to enhance drug concentrations within the tumor while reducing the toxicity of the delivered payload but this procedure still has some limitations. This study reports results of combined DEB-TACE/cTACE procedure proposed by the Medical imaging & nuclear medicine center in Viet Duc hospital to improve the treatment outcome for Hepatocellular carcinoma. Method: The sample size included 32 HCC patients. Patients were treated with DEB-TACE and then cTACE 1 month after. Multi-detector computed tomography (MDCT) scans were performed 1 month after the DEB-TACE; 1, 3 and 6 months after the cTACE. Treatment responses were measured by MRECIST and necrosis degree. Results: Evaluating by MRECIST criteria, rate of complete response was 31.2%. The average degree of necrosis increased from 55.8% after DEB-TACE to 73.6% (p<0.05) after combined session (cTACE after DEB-TACE). The only side effect after 2 session of TACE was postembolization syndrome. Conclusions: This study showed that DEB-TACE following with cTACE may be considered as a safe and effective procedure for managing large liver tumor that requiring multiple session of embolization.

Introduction: Self – medication is a serious problem of public health concern worldwide. It refers to the use of drugs to manage self-diagnosed disorders or symptoms and is mostly common in developing countries due to wider increase of drug availability without prescription. Some reports show that up to 80% of all drugs are purchased without any prescription in developing countries, which is substantiated by reports that the prevalence of self-medication in developing countries is in the range of 12.7% to 95%. Self – medication involves obtaining drugs without prescription and taking the drug based on advice of and from relatives and friends. Objective: To assess self – medication practices with antibiotics and its associated factors among medical students at the Copperbelt University. Method: A cross – sectional descriptive study method was used for this study. Data was collected using a structured questionnaire which had both closed and open – ended questions. A questionnaire was chosen in this study because it allowed the researcher to collect the most complete and accurate data in a logical flow. A sample of the questionnaire was given to the students who consented to participate in the study at the Copperbelt university school of medicine. Results: A total number of 334 participants were involved in this study. The majority of the study participants were females at 166 (49.7%) and males at 163 (50.3%). A number of students were in the age range of 18–24 years of age being at 200 (59.9%) 25-29 at 121(36.2%), 30-34 at 9(2.7%) and above 34(1.2%) were only 41.2. The study further showed that 179 (53.6%) of participants had good knowledge, 151 (45.2%) had average knowledge and 4 (1.2%) had poor knowledge of self-medication. 34% of participants had good practice, the majority 66% had a bad practice with the common self-prescribed drugs being the analgesia at (80.5%) where Paracetamol was mostly prescribed by 77% of students followed by antibiotics (52.1%) where amoxicillin was at 28.2% and the least prescribed drug was a proton pump inhibitor (6.9%). There was an association between knowledge on self-medication and the age of participant (P value 0.044). Conclusion: The prevalence of self-medication with antibiotics among medical students at Copperbelt University is common and this calls for an urgent organized effort beginning at the local level to the national level so as to curtail the use of antibiotics without consent from medical personnel or a prescription from an appropriate office.

This same multitude of responsive classifications becomes substantial, but rather a mutation could well subscribe to various classrooms; responsive classifications were always constructed about ranks; college courses have become normally inconsistent, of extra deleterious than favorable exemplars; category brands could still be unclear, but rather commentaries seem from being misapplication, but rather numerous publications of information must be appropriately consolidated to strengthen prognostications. The former 3 components are those subject to research work, with the special emphasis towards overall creation developing any revolutionary approach enabling recursive methylation patterns however and also annotation genetic functionality predictions. This same TPR, which regulates across this same genetic encyclopedia but also furcate categories, sparked their suggested method. Suggested that TPR ensemble approach was distinguished with dynamic 2- substituted knowledge movement which thus penetrates entire regression ensembles, the corresponding following stated principle: Optimistic expectations from each network have the recurrent effect upon their predecessors, whereas unfavorable projections have a strong repetitive effect upon their children. Overall efficiency but also disadvantages underlying that presented technique are demonstrated by bridge findings employing this same reference microorganism S. Cerevisiae, leveraging distinct forms for biomaterial information including comprehensive mathematical study underlying this same TPR methodology.

To our knowledge, this is the first research on the use of Star Anise Essential Oil (SAEO) to activate and recover antibiotics that are now ineffective in medical therapy toward MDR bacteria. In the current study, the SAEO was investigated for its antibacterial properties and to evaluate the ability of Cephradine, Amoxicillin, Chloramphenicol and Tetracycline activity against both Gram-negative bacteria (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Acinetobacter baumannii, Escherichia coli, and Klebsiella pneumoniae) or Gram-positive (Streptococcus pneumoniae and Staphylococcus aureus) MDR isolates. GC of the essential oil showed as major compounds the trans- anethole (90.07%). SAEO showed broad effectiveness against studied isolates. The antibacterial activity of SAEO was not changed by gamma irradiation at 10 and 30 kGy. Significant synergistic effects were noted with SAEO when it's associated with tested antibiotics. In combination with SAEO, a significant decrease in MICs values of all tested antibiotics was observed. Synergy was detected when SAEO/antibiotics combinations tested against MDR Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria with FICI ranging from 0.13 to 0.52 and from 0.26 to 0.56, respectively. The synergy in this study, using combinations of Star anise essential oil with antibiotics can enhance or restore the antibacterial activity of many antibiotics currently useless. Thus, SAEO could be an important and effective tool to be used individually or in combination with some therapeutic drugs (antibiotics) that are now ineffective to control bacterial MDR. Also, star anise contains shikimic acid (Tamiflu), which is a key ingredient in the pharmaceutical synthesis of the antiviral and anti-influenza drugs have a possible effect against thus; it may COVED-19.

Introduction: Osteoporosis is a disease identified by low bone mass, in parallel with an intensification of bone fragility. Several observational studies suggested that users of beta-blockers (BB) had higher bone mineral density (BMD) and/or reduced fracture risk. Other studies, on the other hand, found no effect of BB on fracture risk or improving osteoporosis disease state. Objective: To investigate the relationship between the use of selective and non-selective BB and fracture risk in male and female osteoporotic patients. Methods: This is a randomized, controlled, parallel, prospective study that involves fifty osteoporotic patients of both sexes with osteoporosis. These osteoporotic patients are treated with (osteoporosis standard therapy) and were divided into three groups: control group (CG) contained 10 patients, nonselective beta-blocker group (NSBB), and cardio-selective beta-blocker group (CSBB) each BB group containing 20 patients. Then, the effect of BB on T-score, bone mineral density (BMD), fracture risk (FR), and bone turnover markers were studied. Results: A significant difference was noticed between mean values of T-score among the three studied groups after six months of follow-up. BMD was statistically significantly higher in (NSBB & CSBB) groups compared to the CG group. The fracture risk was statistically significantly lower in both (NSBB & CSBB) groups in the three types of fracture risk region. Moreover, there was a drop in bone turnover markers (BTM) in both groups (NSBB or CSBB) compared to the control group. Conclusion: The usage of BB either (NSBB or CSBB) improves osteoporosis disease state by increasing BMD, lowering FR, and decrease BTM.

Background and Aim: Entamoeba histolytica a protozoan parasite with high prevalence rates in tropical and subtropical regions of underdeveloped countries. Cellular and humoral immune system involves during invasive amebiasis but there is limited information about the exact immune response during asymptomatic infections which comprise the majority of the infected people. Material and Methods: in a case-control study, serum from asymptomatic carriers of E. histolytica and healthy control individuals were collected, and then levels of IL-4, TNF-α, Ig G2 and Ig G4 were measured by ELISA. A structured questionnaire was filled out by each participant and statistically analysed using SPSS program. Results: The results of present study showed that the levels of TNF-α and IL-4 were higher but not significant in the positive group compared to the negative control group. While, serum Ig G2 and Ig G4 levels were significantly higher in positive E. histolytica group compared to negative control individuals. Ig G2 levels were significantly higher in low-income people and individuals who always eating outside home compared to middle-income people and individuals who never or sometime eat outside, respectively, among the negative control group. There were also significant variations among the positive group, higher levels of IL-4 and Ig G2 were seen in people who washed their vegetables and fruits than who were not; while lower levels of Ig G4 were reported in the same category of participants. Conclusions: The current study concludes that the parasite did not elicit cellular immune response but causes activation of humoral immune response against the asymptomatic E. histolytica isolates.

Back ground: The objective of this work was to study the effect of p38 MAP Kinase inhibitor (SB239063) and Vit B12 on activity of p38 MAP kinase implicated in neuroinflammation. In the central nervous system (CNS) neuroinflammatin is a common feature of age-related neurodegenerative diseases. Proinflammatory cytokines, such as IL-1β and TNFα, are produced primarily by cells of the innate immune system, namely microglia in the CNS, and are believed to contribute to the neuronal damage seen in the disease. The p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) is one of the kinase pathways that regulate the production of IL-1β and TNFα. Recent studies suggest that vitamin B12, in addition to its known role as a co-factor in myelin formation, has important immunomodulatory and neurotropic effects. Material and methods: Male wistar albino rats (weighing about 100-200gm) were obtained from animal house of institute divided in to eight groups each group having six animals. Neuroinflammation was induced in animals by the LPS (100µg/ml) fallowed by treatment with MAPK inhibitor (SB239063) alone (5mg/kg) and along with Vit B12 (0.5mg/kg) for 30 days. Result and conclusion: In the present study initially behavioral models (elevated plus maze apparatus, Morris water maze apparatus) were used to evaluate the memory of neuroinflammed rats which were followed by biochemical analysis. On the basis of result obtained from present study, it is observed that p38 MAPK inhibitor (SB239063) alone and in combination with Vitamin B12 is a novel therapeutic target for neuroinflammatory diseases.

UV radiation Venomous snake bite is considered to be a kind of critical illness, which requires immediate emergency measures to ensure the life safety of the patients. Objective: To compare and analyze the clinical effect of high and low dose of antivenom serum on patients. Methods: Seven databases (PubMed, EMBASE, Cochrane, web of science, Wanfang, HowNet, VIP) were searched systematically to include the published papers on the effect of different doses of antivenom serum on clinical benefits of patients with randomized controlled trials. The analysis indexes included: cure rate, allergic reaction, length of hospital stay, patients' acceptance, liver and kidney function indexes (alt, BUN), myocardial enzyme indexes (AST, LDH, CK, CK-MB), coagulation indexes (PT, TT). Results: A total of 10 references were included. Among 10 randomized controlled trials, the high-dose antivenom serum group was the experimental group, and the low-dose antivenom serum group was the control group, 1856 in the experimental group and 656 in the control group. The results of metaanalysis showed that: (1) There were significant differences in cure rate, allergic reaction, length of stay, patients' acceptance, ALT level, adverse reactions, adverse reactions, hospitalization time, bun, and Pt. (2) There was no significant difference in AST, LDH, CK, CK-MB, and TT. Conclusion: The dosage of antivenom serum has a certain influence on the treatment of patients bitten by venomous snakes, and this study can be used as a clinical reference.

Transferosomes creating a new development in delivering a drug through skin. In oral, parenteral drug delivery system shows poor patient compliance are the major complication in clinical practice. Well, Transdermal route has obtained an appreciable interest in pharmaceutical research. Transferosomes consist of both hydrophobic, hydrophilic moieties together results, the drug molecule with wide range of solubility and possess flexible Nano-vesicles formulation comprise of lipid and surfactant. It offers a versatile delivery concept for improving stability, potential for active compound. Major advantages in transferosomes are: avoidance of first pass metabolism, improve patient compliance, improve bioavailability, painless, and reduce frequency of administration. They can pretence as a carrier towards low and additionally high molecular drugs. Skin cancer occurs due to abnormal growth of skin cells it is a common diseases found in white skin. Current study shows that transferosomes are drug mover system that can penetrate beyond undamaged with skin stratum corneum and epidermis expands osmotic gradient foremost to penetrate the transferosome beyond the skin. Over the past few years in research has proven that Transferosomes are the fast developing one in clinical studies.

T N6-methyladenosine (m6A), a kind of post-transcriptional alteration, is essential for the stability and control of gene regulations. As a result, identifying m6A is critical for comprehending the functional mechanisms of biological systems. To make the tedious process easier, many machines learning algorithms based on convenient handicraft feature extractions techniques had been presented. Nevertheless, due to poor extracting features, such strategies enhance computing overhead and as a result, reduce the reliability of m6A detection. That research provides a rapid and accurate statistical method for m6A location detection. This suggested approach relies on the CNN, where recovers the much more important aspects from RNA sequences encode by appending as well as nucleotides chemical composition. This proposed approach is tested to state-of-the-art prediction algorithms on different species benchmarks datasets. Here on a benchmark dataset of Homo sapiens (H.sapien), Mus musculus (M.musculs), Saccharomyces cerevisiae (S.cerevisiae), as well as Arabidopsis thaliana (A.thaliana), the proposed system provides good precision of 93.6 percent, 93.8%, 85.0% and 92.5%, correspondingly.

Those amino acids residues that interact directly using RNA make up the RNA-binding region of proteins. Addressing diverse post-transcriptional controls requires identifying RNA-binding domains on enzymes. The use of experimental techniques to discover RNA-binding locations has several drawbacks, including expensive constraints and lower productivity. Computationally models provide an appealing alternative. Notwithstanding these claims of accomplishment implemented by different researching groups, unbiased studies show that existing computational approaches have rather poor reliability. As a result, there seems to be a pressing need to improve computationally approaches. We used a deep learning approach called Convolutional Neural Network (CNN) to discover RNA-bindings locations on enzymes in this research. The CNN has 97.2 percent accuracies with 0.98 Area under the Curves (AUC) in five-fold cross-validation. Deeply learning outperforms other state of the art machine learning approaches such as supports vector machines and Randomized Forests, according to assessments.

Background: Novel coronavirus disease 2019 caused by Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) started in December 2019 in Wuhan, China. A specific drug has been accepted for COVID-19 treatment. Favipiravir as an anti-viral drug affects RNA viruses like influenza and Ebola. Accordingly, the aim of this study is the evaluation of favipiravir effect on COVID-19 outcomes. Method: This is a randomized controlled study including 97 patients with COVID-19 randomly allocated into favipiravir or control group. Primary outcomes were improvement clinical manifestations atrial oxygen saturation (SpO ), and the secondary outcome was the length of hospitalization. Results: Clinical manifestations recovery of COVID-19 patients was better in favipiravir group and mortality rates were less than the control group (p=0.0001 of both). The level of blood oxygen saturation (SpO2) was significantly higher in faviiravir group (p=0.0001). Mean lymphocyte count was lower in the control group (p=0.004). In addition levels of Blood Urine Nitrgen (BUN) were higher in favpravir group (P=0.033). Length of hospitalization was similar in both groups (p=0.586). Conclusion: Favipiravir can be effective for clinical and laboratory improvement of COVID-19 patients and it is a promising drug for decreasing of mortality rate in these patients

Today, Dunaliella algae has received a lot of attention due to its high ability to produce beta-carotene, its applications in the food, pharmaceutical, cosmetic and research industries such as genetic engineering. Therefore, further identification of this genus and its productive species will be very useful. Common taxonomy of the Donalilla genus is usually based on its morphological and physiological traits, since these traits can change under different growth conditions due to the lack of a hard cell wall. For this reason, physiological and morphological studies have not been sufficient and have caused confusion in the systematic nature of this genus. Therefore, in this study, molecular markers were used to identify this species better and more accurately. The present study conducted at the northwestern and western agricultural biotechnology research institute in Tabriz which contains a good collection of Dunaliella microalgae. In this experiment, the genetic diversity of a number of Iranian Dunaliella microalgae strains has been investigated using the PCR-RFLP (CAPS) molecular marker. After DNA extraction, the polymerase chain reaction was performed using a pair of protected primers in the ITS fragment, then enzymatic cutting was performed on PCR products of different strains using MseI, Bsp143I and NcoI restricted enzymes. By further examining the pattern of banding of different strains and the value of bands, the diversity of the ITS area of these strains was investigated. The results of the CAPS markers showed that the G45, Q1, Q41 strains and the standard D. salina sample (3.19) had 100% similarity. Given the role of ITS sequence in species identification, this can be said to be categorized in D. salina group.

COVID-19 firstly erupted in China in December 2019 as an epidemic that led to a global pandemic within a short span of time. Evaluating and examining patients and after laboratory analysis of respiratory samples, a novel coronavirus was labeled as the causative agent for this disease. Micro RNAs are defined as short non-coding segments of RNAs. Almost one-third of all human proteincoding genes are regulated by micro-RNAs. The discovery of micro RNAs added a new element into a comprehensive understanding of complex networks regulated by various genes. Micro RNAs regulate the expression of genes. These mainly help in post-transcriptional regulation of the expression of various target mRNAs. It is proposed to make use of micro RNA that is responsible for the regulation of proteins at the translational level for Covid-19 vaccination. SARS-CoV2 invades its host all the way through RNA (its genetic material). During various viral infections changes in the expression of micro RNA takes place. Vaccine production is the most advanced and recent application of micro RNAs. The Discovery of miRNA use as biomarkers is needed for developing therapeutic agents and or vaccination against Covid-19. Thus, micro-RNA based therapy may be planned for the treatment of Covid-19 through suppression of the viral genome. Therefore, synthesizing in vitro micro RNA that will be specific to the SARS COV-2 RNA genome sequence may help in Covid-19 viral elimination and prevent lung damage. In this article, we have tried to depict the role of micro-RNAs for the treatment of Covid-19. This concept of micro RNAs may help us in vaccine formation or developing some therapeutic agents against Covid-19.

Diabetes mellitus (DM), commonly known as diabetes, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized by a high blood sugar level over a prolonged period of time. Traditional medicine and herbal formulations have been used by mankind for the cure and treatment of various diseases and disorders. Since time unmemorable natural sources have been used as medicines by the humans. As per Indian System of medicine, Ayurveda, Siddha, Unani plants are formulated in various types of dosage forms like churna, gutika, asavas, aristas, avlehas etc. Mamejva herb, roots of ativis, rhizomes of kutki and fruits of pippli are used in preparation of antidiabetic Herbal Tablets. Here in our studies we have formulated the traditional formulation. Considering the significance of patient compliance and market competition with modern dosage forms, it was observed that, formulation was passing quality control tests. The present studies also deals with the evaluation of Morphological and Microscopical studies, phytochemical evaluations and also evaluation parameters of formulated tablets such as weight variation, friability, and hardness and disintegration time.

A simple and robust HPLC method for the determination &estimation of related substances of SGLT-2 Inhibitors Drug (Empagliflozin) Active pharmaceutical ingredient as well as in Marketed formulation. The chromatographic resolution achieved with different percentages of mobile phase by using ACE 5 C18 (octadecyl silane, 25 cm×4.6mm, 5.0µm column) with mobile phase composition of solvent A ( phosphate buffer & methanecarbonitrile with ratio of 92:8 %) and solvent B (phosphate buffer and ACN with ratio of 10:90 %) at a flow rate of 0.8 and Column oven temperature 30°C. The main components and its related substances eluted were estimated at 220 nm. The specificity investigated under different forced degradation conditions, mainly hydrolytic, oxidative, photolytic and thermal as recommended by ICH guidelines. The method was developed and quantified in a manner indicating the stability and the sensitivity of the drug substance.

Sorafenib tosylate (ST) is a kinase inhibitor drug approved for the treatment of primary kidney cancer, advanced liver cancer and in radioactive iodine resistant thyroid carcinoma. The efficacy and toxicity of the drug is dose dependent manner. A rapid and sensitive method for analytical and bioanalytical determination of sorafenib tosylate was developed and validated according to ICH guidelines. The drug was also studied for degradation and stability properties under different conditions. The analysis was carried out by using UFLC AD 20 with UV detection. The chromatographic peak was achieved at 2.6 min on a reversed-phase column 18 at 40 ºC by applying a gradient elution method with a methanol and acetonitrile in the ratio of 90:10 were used at 1.00 ml/min and was detected at 265 nm. Calibration curve is linear in the concentration range of 5-25 μg/ml (r2=0.9929). The %RSD of intraday and interday was within 2% and accuracy percentage ranged from 98.24 to 99.91. The results of newly developed UFLC method are more sensitive precise and accurate than previous reported methods using UV detection. This new analytical method is applied successfully for bioanalytical method development. The method is efficiently improved bioavailability and evidenced by validation parameters. In degradation study, percentage of degradation observed was less in all the conditions. In stability study, the drug was found to more stable. The developed method can be used for routine analysis of sorafenib tosylate in pharmaceutical formulation and in human plasma.

Background: Glyphosate, a herbicide, and desiccant, is one of the most widely used herbicides all around the world. It has teratogenic, tumorigenic, and hepatorenal effects which can be explained by the endocrine disruption and oxidative stress causing metabolic alterations conditioned by the dose and time of exposure. Glucose Transporter (GLUT-4) activity alterations are considered responsible for the decrease of glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissues in obesity and diabetes. Insulin Receptors (IR) is a receptor important for metabolic regulations and its alteration causes insulin resistance. Insulin resistance promotes impaired fasting blood glucose level which increases the prevalence of atherogenic lipid profile. Aim: The aim of the study is to study the effect of glyphosate on the expression of both insulin receptor and GLUT-4 molecule. Materials and Methods: Healthy male albino rats were divided into four groups and each consisting of 6 animals. Group I-Control; Group II-50mg; Group II-100mg; Group II-250mg exposed rats. After exposure with glyphosate, the rats were sacrificed, cardiac tissues from control and treated rats were dissected out and used for the assessment of gene expression analysis of Insulin Receptor (IR) and Glucose Transporter-4 (GLUT4). The data were analyzed statistically by a one-way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s multiple range tests were used to see the statistical significance among the group. The results with the p < 0.05 level were considered to be statistically significant. Results: There was a decrease in the IR mRNA and GLUT-4 mRNA expression, leading to hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia eventually leading to diabetes. There was a statistical significance with the value P < 0.05, Conclusion: The present study revealed the role of glyphosate in inducing hyperinsulinemia and hyperglycemia, which can cause diabetes by altering IR and GLUT4.

Background: Deterioration of kidney mainly due to diabetes results in causing diabetic nephropathy. PCB is a group of chemical compounds and is one of the halogenated aromatic pollutants which have caused diverse effects on the environment. Aim: To study the effect of Vitamin C and E in the expression of regucalcin and IGF-1 in Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCB) induced diabetic nephropathy. Methods: Male albino Wistar rats were used for the study and they were divided in 3 groups. Group 1: Control; Group 2: Rats received PCB intraperitoneally at a dose of 2mg/kg b.wt; Group 3: PCB induced rats were treated with Vitamin C (100mg/kg b.wt) and vitamin E (50 mg/kg b.wt) through gastric intubation. After the experimental period animals were sacrificed and the kidney was taken for further studies. The data were analyzed statistically by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s multiple range test and it was used to see the statistical significance among the groups. The results with the p<0.05 level were considered to be statistically significant. Results: The real time PCR analysis showed that Insulin like growth factor mRNA level is significantly increased on PCB induction, while it is significantly decreased on Vitamin C and E supplementation. The expression of regucalcin shows no significant changes in all the 3 groups. The data were analysed statistically by a one way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s multiple range test was used to see the statistical significance among the groups. The results with the p<0.05 level were considered to be statistically significant. Conclusion: From previous studies we have observed that PCB increases the oxidative stress which leads to inflammation. Vitamin C and E inhibits the mechanism of signalling. In this study, we can conclude that PCB exposure induces diabetic nephropathy suggesting that PCB has adverse effects on the kidney. This study suggests that antioxidant vitamins have the potential role by normalising the levels of IGF and regucalcin.

This study is designed based on the beneficial role of diosmin, a biologically active flavonoid. It is a citrus flavone with antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties which underlays its protection against cardiac, hepatic and renal injuries. Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most common form of liver cancer that occurs in people with liver disease, particularly in people with chronic hepatitis B and C. To study the diosmin effects in N-Nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA)-induced rats and to evaluate the mRNA expression of stress signalling in the liver of adult male rats. Healthy male albino rats were divided into three groups. First one being the control group, the second one being the NDEA induced group and the third one being the diosmin treated group. The animals were then sacrificed and the tissues were excised. Then the RNA was isolated and it was converted to cDNA using a reverse transcriptase enzyme. The obtained results were plotted using quantitative Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) on a graph. The data were analysed statistically by one way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s multiple range test that was used to see the statistical significance among the groups. Results with p<0.05 level were considered to be statistically significant. diosmin plays significant role on stress signaling molecules in liver cells and hence, it could be considered as an anti-cancer therapeutic natural drug for liver cancer.

Diosmin, a flavonoids rich in citrus fruits, are plant derived dietary polyphenols with natural antioxidant properties. Diosmin inhibits pro apoptotic activator as a chemo prevent agent thus acts as a promising anticancer agent. The effect of diosmin in the expression of cell cycle regulatory protein, such as cyclin D1 and cyclin D4 in NDEA induced experimental animals were studied. The study concludes that diosmin has an anticancer effect against NDEA induced experimental HCC by modulating the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins and thereby reveals the anti-carcinogenic potential of diosmin can be used as future therapeutic agents against liver cancer. The effect of diosmin in the expression of cell cycle regulatory protein, such as cyclin D1 and cyclin D4 in NDEA induced experimental animals were studied. Male Wistar albino rats were divided into 3 groups. Group 1: Normal control, Group 2: NDEA induced rats (for 16 weeks), Group 3: NDEA induced rats treated with diosmin (for 28 days). The data were analysed statistically by a one way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s multiple range test was used to see the statistical significance among the groups. The results with the p<0.05 level were considered to be statistically significant. The hepatocellular induced rats show significant increase (p<0. 05) in mRNA expressions of cyclin D1 and D4 in the liver compared to control rats. The study concludes that diosmin has an anticancer effect against NDEA induced experimental HCC by modulating the expression of cell cycle regulatory proteins and thereby reveals the anti-carcinogenic potential of diosmin can be used as future therapeutic agents against liver cancer.

Glyphosate is used as an herbicide. At sub agriculture concentrations, glyphosate-based herbicide inhibits the proliferation. Peroxisome Proliferator Activated Receptor-? (PPAR-gamma) which is known as the master gene in adipogenesis has been inhibited by glyphosate-based herbicides. Sterol Regulatory Element-Binding Protein-1c (SREBP-1c) is a transcription factor involved in fatty acid metabolism and cholesterol which is stimulated by insulin. Glyphosate raises the environmental threat potential and also the public health concerns. Hence, we investigated the effect of glyphosate on the expression of SREBP-1c and PPAR-?. The study aims to determine the glyphosate-induced detrimental changes in SREBP-1c and PPAR-? mRNA expression in adipose tissue of adult male rats. Adult male Wistar albino rats were divided into 4 groups, each consisting of 6 animals. Group I served as normal control rats; Group II-IV consisted of glyphosate-exposed rats at different concentrations (50, 100, and 250 mg/kg body weight respectively) orally for 16 weeks. After 16 weeks of treatment, the animals were sacrificed and adipose tissue was dissected out for the assessment of SREBP-1c and PPAR-? mRNA by Real Time-PCR using gene-specific down-regulated primers. The data were analyzed statistically by a one-way Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s multiple range test was used to see the statistical significance among the groups. The results with the p<0.05 level were considered to be statistically significant. ) in the expression of SREBP-1c in all the glyphosate exposed rats compared to control rats and PPAR-? mRNA expression was found to be significantly reduced in a concentration-dependent manner (P<0.05) compared to normal control animals.

Glyphosate is an active compound and non-selective widely used herbicide among farmers in all over developing countries. When glyphosate is applied to growing plants like broad leaf plants, weeds; it gets absorbed via tissue and kills the plants. Glyphosate -based herbicide exposed to rats causes oxidative stress. Glyphosate induces oxidative stress, leads to imbalance in production and accumulation of oxygen reactive species in cells and tissues which induce inflammation. To analyse the expression of inflammatory markers with chronic exposure of glyphosate among experimental rats. Total RNA isolation followed by conversion of RNA to cDNA with the help of reverse transcriptase and the mRNA expression level of TNFα, IL-1β was analyzed by RT-PCR. The triplicate statistical analysis results of the experiments performed on control and treated rats were expressed as mean ± SEM. Results were analyzed statistically by one-way Analysis Of Variance (ANOVA) and significant differences between the mean values were measured using Duncan's multiple range tests using Graph Pad Prism version 5. The results with p<0.05 level were considered to be statistically significant. Total RNA isolation followed by conversion of RNA to cDNA with the help of reverse transcriptase and the mRNA expression level of TNFα, IL-1β was analyzed byRT-PCR. The triplicate statistical analysis results of the experiments performed on control and treated rats were expressed as mean ± SEM. Results were analyzed statistically by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and significant differences between the mean values were measured using Duncan's multiple range tests using Graph Pad Prism version 5. The results with p<0.05 level were considered to be statistically significant. Our present in vivo findings for the first time clearly demonstrate that glyphosate exposure leads to the development of diabetic neuropathy by modulating the expression of genes involved in the proinflammatory cytokines in the brain tissues. Further studies on the impact of glyphosate on downstream signaling molecules are warranted in order to ascertain the potential mechanisms of action of glyphosate.

Plant sources have been used for centuries as an effective therapeutic agent in treating many diseases. Lupeol is a triterpene plant sterol found in fruits and vegetables. Extensive research on lupeol revealed their pharmacological activities. Many in vitro and preclinical animal studies showed that lupeol has anti-inflammatory, anti-microbial, anti-proliferation, anti-invasive, anti-angiogenic and cholesterol lowering agents. This study is to demonstrate the insulin-sensitive regulation of GLUT4 and modulation of glucose uptake into the GLUT4 expressing cells. It also describes the regional and cellular expression of insulin sensitive glucose transporter, GLUT4 in gastrocnemius muscle. This study was aimed to evaluate the regional and cellular expression of the insulin sensitive glucose transporter, GLUT4 in gastrocnemius muscle and to assess the effect of lupeol expression in GLUT4. The effect of lupeol increases intake of glucose through R ab 10 and DOC 2B expression in gastrocnemius muscle. Our results along with the previously published reports, demonstrate that lupeol is involved at molecular level in glucose translocation. Our present findings provide evidence that lupeol can increase GLUT4 expression in diabetic animals. GLUT4 and Rab 10 mRNA expression were found to be increased by the lupeol and it was compared with standard drug metformin which shows significantly equal control rat (p<0.05). However, there was no significant change in the mRNA levels of DOC2B in all the groups.

Background: Liver cancer or Hepatocellular Carcinoma (HCC) is a very common primary liver malignancy and is one of the leading causes of cancer-related deaths globally. Diosmin is a citrus flavonoid that's naturally obtained from flavone glycoside. It is known to have anticancer properties. Aim: To study the effect of diosmin on the expression of E-cadherin, vimentin and beta catenin in the liver of NDEA induced experimental rats. Methods: Healthy male albino rats were divided into three groups. First one being the control group, the second one being the NDEA induced group and the third one being the diosmin treated group. The animals were then sacrificed and the tissues were excised. Then the RNA was isolated and it was converted to cDNA using a reverse transcriptase enzyme. The obtained results were plotted using quantitative Real Time Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) on a graph. The data were analysed statistically by one way Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) followed by Duncan’s multiple range test that was used to see the statistical significance among the groups. Results with p<0.05 level were considered to be statistically significant. Results: In this study it was observed that NDEA induced detrimental changes on the expression of beta catenin and e cadherin signalling molecules was reversed by diosmin treatment stating that diosmin has a significant role in controlling these signalling molecules. Conclusion: Present findings conclude that diosmin has anticancer properties by modulating the expression of beta catenin/ E-cadherin signalling molecules and thus it can be used as a natural flavonoid in combating liver cancer.

Diabetes has been described since ancient times. Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) are the main types of diabetes. The present study reviewed the literature from different perspectives including historical perspectives of diabetes, pathogenesis of diabetes, treatment of diabetes, and the differences between T1DM and T2DM. I have discussed the involvement of neurological aspects in detail in view of the existing literature including my article. I also discussed how T1DM and T2DM have different etiologies and similar treatment patterns. I put emphasis on animal models used in studying diabetes and how these models do not mimic the reality of T1DM, and how information resulting from these studies did not participate in expanding our horizon on the progression of diabetes. Taken together, developing new animal diabetic models that mimic the reality of diabetes types is required to investigate the pathogenesis of diabetes.

Breast cancer is one of the most frequent cancers among females internationally. The main objectives of the present study were to predict the breast cancer using neural network analysis. A dataset posed on Kaggle was analyzed to predict breast cancer by neural network analysis. A model of the study consisting of three layers was constructed. Three layers included input layer of 5 covariates: perimeter mean, radius mean, smoothness mean, texture mean, and area mean. The second layer was the hidden layer, and the third layer was the output layer. The correct prediction percent of the model was 95%. The results of the model showed that the strongest predictors were arranged in the following order: perimeter mean, area mean, smoothness mean, texture mean, and radius mean. Taken together, breast cancer can be effectively diagnosed using neural network analysis that produced a model with 95% prediction correction.

SARS-CoV-2 interacts with ACE2 and infects ACE2-expressing epithelial and endothelial cells in lung and other organs, leading to the down-regulation of ACE2. This induces Ang II accumulation. The interaction of angiotensin II with its G-protein coupled receptor results in the activation of phosphodiesterase phospholipase C and release of cytokines and eicosanoids (leukotrienes, prostaglandin, and thromboxane A2). Phospholipase C degrades membrane-bound phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2) to inositol 1,4,5-triphosphate (IP3) and Diacylglycerol (DAG). This results in the release of cytokines and eicosanoids (leukotrienes, prostaglandin, and thromboxane A2) and lack of B cell-T cell communication (immune synapse) and abnormal antibodies function which results in pro-inflammatory cytokines release and regulation of transcription of viral and host proteins. In the absence of Fragile X Retardation Mental Protein (FMRP) as occurs in Fragile X Syndrome (FXS), it has been described an increased DAG levels that lead to the pathologic features of FXS. Then, the absence of FMRP would lead to increased DAG levels, hence elevation of the Ca2+ intracellular, and contribute to damaging effects of DAG in COVID-19. This fact might be involved in impaired antibody developing. This article collects for the first time the links between both COVID-19 and FXS, and propose FXS as a risk factor in COVID-19, as well as COVID-19 could impair FXS symptoms. It described the potential role of described pathways in potential drugs for COVID-19 and FXS treatment.

Oral pathogens are extremely difficult to eliminate due to several factors such as biofilm formation, acquisition of drug resistant genes etc. Newer compounds are being tested against potential dental pathogens to be used as antimicrobials. In this context, the present study was designed to elucidate the possible mechanism of inhibition rendered by cinnamandehyde against Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis by employing computational tools. The protein-phytocompound interactions were analysed using the STITCH tool. The resultant observations were further analysed to identify the functional class and virulence nature of the interacting proteins revealed using VICMPred and VirulentPred softwares. Protein repertoire of Streptococcus mutans and Enterococcus faecalis interacting with cinnamaldehyde was documented. The results of VICMPred and VirulentPred indicated that Glutaredoxin-like protein NrdH involved in the cellular process of Enterococcus faecalis and Glutaredoxin involved in metabolic pathway of Streptococcus mutans were found to be the virulent proteins. The present study reveals the crucial proteins targeted by cinnamaldehyde. The interaction of cinnamaldehyde with the proteins of dental pathogens needs further investigation.

Type-2 diabetes is an increasingly prevalent disease worldwide. The contemporary treatment for type 2 diabetes involves insulin and drug therapies. The conventional drugs used are not able to cope with the multifactorial exhibit of type 2 diabetes. The administration of medicinal plants either alone or in addition to drugs has been shown to address the treatment of diabetes at various levels and improve the quality of diabetic patients.

Glyphosate is a compound which is a herbicide and it is harmful to animals and also to plants when used in large amounts. Nrf2 is an emergency regulator of cellular resistance towards oxidants. Hemeoxygenase catalyses heme through heme oxygenase system. To analyse the impact of glyphosate on Nrf2 and heme-oxygenase expression in the liver of adult male rats. Male albino rats of Wistar strain weighing 180g-210g were used in this study. The rats were divided into 4 groups, each consisting of 6 animals. The animals were sacrificed and the liver tissue was taken to do real time PCR analysis for Nrf2 and HO. Data were analysed by ANOVA and DUNCAN’S multiple range test to check the statically significance among the groups. The results with the p<0.05 level were considered to be statistically significant. Glyphosate-induced rats showed a significant (p<0.05) reduction in the expression of Heme oxygenase-1 and Nrf2 mRNA compared to normal control rats in a dosedependent manner suggesting that glyphosate induces diabetes by downregulating Nrf2 mediated signaling in liver. Glyphosate exposure has detrimental changes in downregulating the expression of Nrf2 signaling molecules and thereby it induced diabetes by disrupting antioxidant signaling.

Iron is one of the elements that participate in numerous reactions on the body and the structure of hemoglobin to carry oxygen to the tissues. Iron deficiency is usually related to chronic loss of blood or inadequate dietary intake it shows that iron deficiency anemia restrains to oral iron therapy can be caused by a germline mutation in TMPRSS6 they encode type two trans membrane serine protease produced by the liver which helps in regulating the expression of systemic iron. In vitro, TMPRSS6 cleaves hemojuvelin from the plasma membrane.TMPRSS6 is thought to down-regulate the signaling pathway essential for iron-dependent regulation of hepcidin transcription. TMPRSS6 expression is regulated in vitro and in vivo by one of the most important activators of hepcidin expression, they also assessed whether the potent physiologic inducer of hepcidin, iron; can modulate TMPRSS6 mRNA levels in vivo. TMPRSS6 polymorphisms are more frequent than mutations and have been associated with variation in iron and hematologic parameters, Overexpression of normal TMPRSS6 protein suppresses activation of the HAMP promoter, and the TMPRSS6 cytoplasmic domain mediates HAMP suppression via proximal promoter element. TMPRSS6 is crucial in the control of iron homeostasis and normal erythropoiesis because TMPRSS6 is associated with hematological parameters. TMPRSS6 mutation leads to the overproduction of hepcidin and helps in defective iron absorption and utilization. The mutations on the TMPRSS6 gene should be kept in mind in patients with low transferrin saturation, normal levels of ferritin, high levels of the hepcidin molecules, and a family history of iron deficiency anemia

The current pharmacotherapies associated with cancer are very expensive. Many people cannot afford these drugs which might lead to numerous deaths in the future. The purpose of this study is to find a new potential anticancer herbal drug, which might help in treating cancer. To determine whether diosmin modulates the expression of Wnt/beta catenin mRNA expression in N-nitrosodiethylamine (NDEA)-induced hepato cellular carcinoma in experimental rats. The present result showed that NDEA - induction significantly raised the (p<0.05) mRNA expression of both Wnt and beta catenin in the liver compared to control rats, suggesting that NDEA induces cancer via Wnt/beta catenin signaling. However, diosmin treatment reversed the gene expression of the same (p<0.05) to that of the control.

Background: Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma (HNSCC) is an aggressive life- threatening disease associated with high mortality rates. HNSCC is genetically complex and difficult to treat. Collagen triple helix repeat containing 1 is a protein that in humans is encoded by the HSF1 gene. Aim of the study: To analyse the expression of HSF1 gene in HNSCC and identify its role as a prognostic marker in HNSCC. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study till date to provide strong evidence on the association of HSF1 gene expression with HNSCC. Methodology: The HSF1 gene expression was analyzed using web tools (UALCAN) from the Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) data. Then, the genetic alterations of HSF1 were examined by the cBioPortal database. Moreover, the prognostic values of HSF1 in HNSCC patients were investigated via the Kaplan-Meier plotter. Results: We observed that the mRNA expression level of HSF1 was increased in most cancers compared with normal tissues, especially in HNSCC. In addition, we also used Kaplan-Meier plotter to evaluate the prognostic value of HSF1 in HNSCC patients. It showed highly expressed HSF1 was significantly related with poor Overall Survival (OS) in HNSCC patients. Conclusion: Our results indicate that the HSF1 amplification and over-expression could be considered as a prognostic marker for HNSCC

Glyphosate is an herbicide. It is applied to the leaves of plants to slaughter both broadleaf plants and grasses. Glyphosate being water soluble enters the food chain by biomagnification. Increased concentration of glyphosate may lead to oxidative stress and thus can induce insulin resistance associated with diabetes mellitus. Oxidative stress is invaded in the dysregulation and increased gene expression of phosphoenolpyruvate carboxykinase and glucose-6-phosphatase, a key gluconeogenic enzyme.

Glyphosate is a systemic, broad spectrum, post-emergence herbicide used for non-selective weed control. Glyphosate is a nonvolatile white solid with a melting point of about 200°C and negligible vapour pressure. It is commercially marketed as roundup. Because of its poor absorption, it is not administered orally for the mammals. It is highly soluble to water, so it does not accumulate in the living cells. Glyphosate is selected for the study because of its widespread production and potential exposure to humans. The main aim of this research is to study the changes in the expression of IL-1 and TNF-alpha in the skeletal muscles of glyphosate induced rats.

Periodontitis is an inflammatory disease with the underlying etiology that is unknown. Cathepsin is well known genes that play important roles in periodontitis by interacting with autophagy-associated molecules in pathogenesis. Several studies have established that the role of Cathepsin G (CTSG) gene is a bacterial serine protease stored in the neutrophil azurophilic granules and the mutation of this gene established correlation between many other diseases like osteomyelitis and alzheimer’s diseases. Hence, the aim of the current study was to assess the association between Chronic Periodontitis (CP) and polymorphism of CTSG. Gingival tissue and blood samples are collected from both the control and case group and DNA isolation was done. CTSG N125S polymorphism was genotyped in 30 patients with CP and 30 healthy controls. DNA was obtained from patients with CP and controls. PCR amplification and Sequencing of Cathepsin G gene were completed and the data was analysed. The CTSG N125S genotype frequency was calculated. The percentage of occurrence of heterogeneous diseased mutation genes were found to be 1.67% and 5% respectively. The genotype frequency was found to be 0.77 in CP patients and 0.93 in controls. There was no statistically difference between CP patients and healthy controls. The study concludes that CTSG N125S polymorphism was not associated with CP. However, further studies have to be conducted with more samples to identify the correlation between chronic periodontitis and polymorphism of Cathepsin G gene.

Tuberculosis treatment is always a matter of concern whenever we try to approach an individual health or for the whole individual’s wellbeing. In current study states that tuberculosis is a common pulmonary disease which mainly affects lungs and in some cases affects different parts of body. It is caused by the strain of mycobacteria generally by Mycobacterium tuberculosis and is the major reason behind the death. There are two types of tuberculosis-active and latent tuberculosis. It is mainly communicated by the coughing, sneezing, and by blood transfusion from an infected individual with the normal one. The most common symptoms associated are coughing, fever, chilling, breathlessness and many more. Treatment for this is very lengthy and costly method with numerous side effects associated. The instant challenge to control tuberculosis is the development of a proper treatment method with less duration and can be efficiently used by patients. The vaccine developed BCG (Bacille Calmette-Guerin), is only effective for child. In future a proper medicine can be developed by using nano materials for the targeted delivery or can be treated by using the transdermal patches for medicine delivery.

Periodontitis is a multifactorial infectious disease of the supporting and surrounding tissues of the teeth. The red complex bacteria which include Porphyromonas gingivalis, Tannerella forsythia and Treponema denticola are known to be important causative agents for periodontitis. This study aims to evaluate and compare the expression of Treponema denticola in periodontitis patients with and without diabetes mellitus.

Glyphosate is a herbicide that inhibits the plant enzyme. It is commercially available in the form of roundup. High exposure to roundup causes necrosis that damages the leydig cells and other cells of the rat. There is a decrease in the normal sperm count due to a decrease in the concentration of histone-1 and protamine-1. The insulin-like growth factor is produced by osteoblasts which are the bone-forming cells of the body. IGF is also important in maintaining the effect of systemic hormones on bone formation. TNF alpha is a tumor necrosis factor which is produced by macrophages that is responsible for the destruction of tumor cell lines.

Background and aim: NCF2 expression has a significant impact on cancer development and progression. Several studies have found the increased expression of NCF2 associated with tumorigenesis and poor prognosis in patients with cancer. However, the expression and prognostic value of NCF2 remain largely unknown in HNSCC. Objective: The present study aimed to analyze the expression and prognostic value of NCF2 in HNSCC. Materials and methods: In the present study, we used the large TCGA (The Cancer Genome Atlas) RNA sequencing (RNAseq) dataset to explore the NCF2 expression level and its prognostic value in HNSCC. The mRNA expression level of NCF2 in various kinds of cancers, including HNSCC, was analyzed via the UALCAN database. Results: We observed that the mRNA expression level of NCF2 was increased in most cancers compared with normal tissues, especially in HNSCC. Also, we also used Kaplan-Meier plotter to evaluate the prognostic value of NCF2 in HNSCC patients. It showed highly expressed NCF2 was significantly related to poor Overall Survival (OS) in HNSCC patients. Conclusion: The NCF2 is highly expressed in HNSCC and associated with poor prognosis in HNSCC patients. Therefore, NCF2 could be a promising prognostic biomarker for HNSCC.

Introduction: Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) is an enveloped RNA virus that's diversely found in humans and is known to infect the neurological, respiratory, enteric, and hepatic systems. The majority of SARS-CoV-2 patients have minor symptoms, but they can deteriorate quickly, especially in the elderly or those with underlying disorders such as chronic lung or cardiovascular disease. There is currently no viable treatment for SARS-CoV-2 patients. Because there are no specific SARS-CoV-2 vaccinations or medications, it is critical to recognize and treat the condition as soon as possible. Interestingly, microRNAs (miRNAs) are important post transcriptional regulators of nearly every organic process which is taking place within the cell. The present study aims to identify the miRNA-21 from SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences available in public genomic databases. Materials and methods: A computational study on miRNA-21 in SARS-CoV-2 genome sequence was identified using NCBI (National Centre for Biotechnology Information) database. The secondary structure of miR-21 was obtained from the RNAfold web server. Results: After the careful evaluation of the secondary structure, SARS-CoV-2 genome sequence was obtained with a minimum free energy of -34.60 kcal/mol. Conclusion: In conclusion, it was found that miR-21 acts as an effective therapeutic target and as a specific biomarker and can help in the diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2. Our study results can provide a theoretical basis for use by other researchers to accelerate the study of SARS-CoV-2. This study shows that miRNAs-21 play a significant role in viral control of several cellular processes seen during the viral infection.

Introduction: Diosmin is a flavone found in Teucrium gnaphalodes and in some citrus fruits indicated for the treatment of venous disease. Dismosin is also used to hemorrhoids and leg sores caused due to poor blood flow. Diosmin is not recommended for use in children or women during pregnancy. Diosmin is not recommended for treating the rectal mucosa, skin irritations, or wounds, and should not be used to treat dermatitis, eczema or urticaria. The oral administration of diosmin as a protective agent normalized the altered levels of AFP, LPO, antioxidant enzymes, pro and anti-apoptotic proteins as well as caspase-3 and -9 proteins. In a previous study, desmosin is a flavanone glycoside that is found in the citrus species and showed antioxidant, hepatoprotective as well as anticancer activity. Previous study on diosmin reveals that it acts as an anti-diabetic drug in type -2 diabetes mellitus Also acts as a potent anti-inflammatory drug. Pi3k gene is a master regulatory gene for cancer. Activation of the pi3k pathway leads to the development of tumors and gives resistance to anticancer therapeutic drugs. Phosphatidylinositol 3-Kinase (PI3K)–AKT signaling pathway regulates the expression of several downstream target genes that inhibit apoptosis and promote cell proliferation. The effect of its deregulation on the clinical outcome of human tumors has recently become a subject of intense investigation. Activation of this pathway has been associated with aggressive phenotype and poor prognosis in brain tumors (glioblastoma and neuroblastoma) as well as in various carcinomas, including breast, prostate, bladder, colon, and lung carcinomas Aim: To determine the effect of diosmin on Pi3k and Akt expression in NDEA induced hepatocellular carcinoma in experimental rats. Materials and methods: The present experimental study was approved by the institutional animal ethics committee. Adult male Wistar albino rats were obtained and maintained in clean propylene cages in an air-conditioned animal house, fed with standard rat pelleted diet orally for 16 weeks. At the end of the treatment, animals were anesthetized and blood was collected through cardiac puncture, sera were separated and stored. Gastrocnemius muscle from control and experimental animals was immediately dissected out and used for assessing the various parameters. Hepatic carcinoma by administering (NDEA) and the changes are then assessed using real time PCR. Results and discussion: Pi3k /AKT pathway is an intra-cellular signalling pathway important in regulating the cell cycle. Therefore, it is directly related to cellular quiescence proliferation cancer and longevity DIRK or AKT mRNA. In the current study there was a Dec 2 animals indicating the induction of hepatocellular cancer, whereas in the treatment group (group 3 treated with the diosmin) there is significant increase in the expression of PI3K or Akt which was equivalent to control oxidative stress. A similar study on cioskinagnin proves to be effective in pulmonary syndrome. Conclusion: Animals treated with diasmin clearly exhibited an improvement in Hepatocellular cancer, thus diasmin can augment anti-cancer therapy.

Background: Preeclampsia is contemplated as the most-feared frequent complication of pregnancy, which causes disproportionate risk and can be characterized by proteinuria, high blood pressure and edema. Certain risk factors associated with preeclampsia are liver and kidney dysfunction and growth restriction in children (Still birth). Preeclampsia can persist even after delivery and lead to cardiovascular disease in later stages. microRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs consisting of 19-25 nucleotides and have been playing important roles in the diagnosis, prognosis and therapy of many diseases. The present study aims to identify the miRNA from preeclampsia genome sequences available in public genomic databases. Materials and methods: Bioinformatic studies of miRNA-663b from preeclampsia genome sequences were extracted from NCBI (National Center for Biotechnology Information) web portal which is an international nucleotide sequences database consortium. Genome sequences were aligned to reference pre-miRNA sequences and the secondary structures were obtained from RNA fold. Result and discussion: Preeclampsia genome sequences were obtained with a minimum free energy of -59.90kcal/mol. The secondary structure of hsa-miR-663b is obtained and the incorporated pre-miRNA was confirmed for secondary structure using mRNA fold. Conclusion: It can be concluded that the miR-663b is identified as a target miRNA for preeclampsia and it acts as a biomarker for identifying preeclampsia. Bioinformatics is used for identification and verification of miRNA expressed in preeclampsia genome sequences.

Background: Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus (T1DM) is distinguished by the autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing cells in the pancreas by infiltrating CD4+ and CD8+ T cells and macrophages. Several studies have found that there are selective expressions of miRNAs that may be regulated to diabetic conditions. microRNAs (miRNAs) called non-coding RNAs regulate a variety of biological processes including cell proliferation and apoptosis and can serve as diagnostic and therapeutic targets in treating various diseases including T1DM. The current study aims in identifying miRNAs in T1DM from genome sequences found in public genomic databases. Materials and methods: In this study, we have used the National Centre for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) web portal to identify miR-802-5p for T1DM using a bioinformatics approach and RNA fold was used to create the secondary structure. Results: hsa-miR-802-5p was identified in the T1DM genome sequence with the minimum folding free energy of the secondary structure was found to be -33.60 kcal. Conclusion: In conclusion, miR-802-5p, a novel miRNA has been identified from human T1DM through a computational approach. However, more research on miR-802-5p is needed to be studied in suppression and progression of T1DM. The management and treatment strategies for T1DM are elusive and the exact molecular mechanism is not yet clearly studied. This computational approach contributes to a better understanding of miRNAs role as biomarkers and how they can be used for diagnosis, prognosis and as a therapeutic target.

Objective: To identify miRNAs from Rheumatoid Arthritis (RA) genome sequences. Background: RA is an autoimmune disorder causing inflammation in the joints and in certain cases, they also affect the lungs, blood vessels, heart, eyes, etc. In people with RA, early diagnosis and therapeutic intervention or treatment can help to avert severe disease symptoms. The adoption of appropriate predictive biomarkers could help RA treatment be more effective. Materials and Methods: This study uses bioinformatics or computational approaches. RA genome sequences were retrieved using the NCBI (National Centre for Biotechnology Information) database. The secondary structure of miR-223 was obtained from the RNA fold web server and the mature sequence was identified using the RNA fold web server. Finally, target scan was used to identify the target sequence. Results: The miRNA identified from RA genome sequence was miR-223. It’s mature sequence and secondary structure was obtained from the RNA fold web server. Conclusion: In conclusion, it was found that miR-223 is an effective therapeutic target for RA. It acts as a specific biomarker and can help in the diagnosis and treatment of RA.

Periodontitis is a multifactorial disease of tooth supporting tissue that is caused by bacterial infection and increased immune response. T-cell proliferation plays an important role in host response to bacterial infection. BRAF is a positive regulator of T cell proliferation. The present study was aimed to evaluate the genetic association of BRAF gene polymorphism (rs10487888). A total of 100 subjects were recruited for this study, which included 50 CP and 50 healthy controls. Genomic DNA was extracted from the whole blood collected from the subjects. DNA was amplified using ARMS PCR technique. The genotype obtained based on the ARMS PCR pattern was recorded and used for statistical analysis. The distribution of genotypes and allele frequencies in the chronic periodontitis and control groups were compared using the chi-square test. The risk associated with individual alleles or genotypes was calculated as the Odds Ratio (OR) with 95% confidence intervals. Statistical significance in all tests was determined at p < 0.05. The C allele was found to be more predominant in the study population than T allele. The present study denotes that BRAF gene polymorphism is not associated with CP in the study group analyzed.

Introduction: Polychlorinated Biphenyls (PCBs) are a group of manmade chemicals. They are oily liquids or solids, clear to yellow in color, with no smell or taste. Studies of PCBs in humans have found increased rates of melanomas, and cancers. The three major antioxidant vitamins are beta-carotene, vitamin C, and vitamin E. The insulin receptor is a trans membrane receptor that is activated by insulin, IGF-I, IGF-II and belongs to the large class of receptor tyrosine kinase. GLUT4 is the insulin-regulated glucose transporter found primarily in adipose tissues and striated muscle. Aim: The objective of this study was to assess the protective role of antioxidant vitamins on the insulin receptor and glut 4 receptor in PCB induced experimental rats. Materials and methods: Adult male albino rats were used in the present study and divided in to 3 groups. Group I: Control; Group II: PCB-induced animals; Group III: PCB-induced animals treated with antioxidant vitamins (Vit C and E) for 30 days. After 30 days of treatment, adipose tissue was dissected out and used for the assessment of mRNA expression of insulin signaling molecules such as insulin receptor and GLUT4. Real Time PCR was carried out on CFX 96 real time system (Bio-Rad). The reaction mix (10 µl) was prepared by adding 5 µl of 2X reaction buffer, 0.1 µl of sense and antisense primer, 1 µl of cDNA and 3.8 µl of sterile water. The thermal cycler protocol was as follows: Initial denaturation at 95°C for 3 min, followed by 40 cycles of PCR, denaturation at 95°C for 10 sec, annealing at 60°C for 20 sec and extension at 72°C for 20 sec. Melt curve analysis was performed using the thermal cycling programmed at 50°C-95°C for each sample to determine the presence of multiple amplicons, non-specific products and contaminants. The results were analysed using CFX 96 real time system software (Bio-Rad). The data were analysed statistically using One Way Analysis of Variance (ONE-WAY ANOVA). Duncan Multiple range test was used to analyze the statistical significance between groups. The levels of significance were considered at the levels of p < 0.05. Results: The expressions of IR, GLUT- 4, were assessed by real time-PCR. Significance at P < 0.05, compared with control, compared with PCB control, compared with PCB vit C and E treated diabetic group. By observing the graphs obtained keeping the number of folds of control as 1, the PCB induced rats showed reduced insulin reception, whereas in PCB induced rats administered with antioxidant vitamins showed considerably increased insulin reception, the same was the case with GLUT 4 reception also. Conclusion: The present findings conclude that the antioxidant vitamins (C and E) attenuate PCB induced insulin resistance in adipose tissues via the activation of the insulin receptor and GLUT4 expression. Hence, antioxidant vitamins may be considered as therapeutic drugs for the management of diabetes.

Volatile oils of Mentha piperita and Thymus vulgaris are often components of products used for antiinflammatory properties. This work aims to show the chemical composition of a mixture of those two volatile oils and the anti-inflammatory activity in topical administration. Eleven compounds were identified by GC analysis and marker compounds menthol and menthone for peppermint volatile oil and thymol and carvacrol for thyme volatile oil were also identified by HPTLC. The antiinflammatory activity of a 2 % mixture of volatile oils of Mentha piperita and Thymus vulgaris in carrageenan-induced mouse paw edema model, in comparison with Voltaren (23, 2 mg/g diclofenac diethylamine) was slightly weaker compared with the group treated with Voltaren, but differed significantly from the control, at all measurement times.

Ciprofloxacin is a fluoroquinolone antibiotics that is available in different dosage forms for the treatment of various forms of bacterial infections. In this study we developed mixed micelles microcapsule formulation consisting of ciprofloxacin (CIPRO) targeted at enhanced antimicrobial, pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties for improved patient compliance. Gradedconcentrations of ciprofloxacin (0.0, 0.25, 0.5, 0.75 and 1.0 g) dissolved in Transcutol (11 mL) and Phospholipon 90 G (P90 G, 10 g) nanostructured lipid carrier to which the aqueous-phase enriched mixed micelles (Solutol and Poloxamer 118, P118) were added at same temperature (85°C) and subjected to high shear hot homogenization (24 × 1000 rpm for 10 min), before cooling to room temperature were prepared. The resultant microcapsules were characterized by % yield, encapsulation efficiency, particle size, pH storage stability, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) and antimicrobial drug release study.

One of the widely used and frequently prescribed oral anti-hyperglycemic drugs is metformin. It is a family of biguanide and used to regulate hyperglycemic condition through inhibition of hepatic glycogenolysis and gluconeogenesis. In addition, metformin enhances glucose uptake by peripheral tissue in type 2 diabetes. Several studies showed that metformin is safe and well tolerated antihyperglycemic drug throughout the world. In contrast, there are reports that indicate metformin induces toxicity. One common and serious mechanism by which metformin induces toxicity is initiation of lactic acidosis. According to different studies, metformin induced acidosis become fatal especially when higher dose is taken and the patients have other health problem like kidney and lung diseases. Metformin also inhibits mitochondrial electron transport chain by blocking complex-I and leads to mitochondrial poisoning. Type 2 diabetic patients who use metformin for a long period of time have high chance to experience anemia and neurological damage due to metformin induced vitamin B12 deficiency. To reduce metformin induced poisoning there are guidelines, which all patients and physicians need to follow. Before starting metformin treatment, patients should have to perform vital organ function tests like kidney and liver function test, and measure serum vitamin B12 level. In addition, lower dose of metformin is recommended at the beginning with vitamin B12 supplement. Once intoxication happened, immediate management and treatment must be given to reduce severe complications and mortality rate.

Microbial keratitis is an eye infection in severe cases, the cause of loss of vision caused by Pseudomonas aeruginosa. P. aeruginosa is one of the bacteria with increasing cases of resistance and is called Pseudomonas aeruginosa Multi Resistance (PAMR). This condition encourages the discovery of new drugs as antibacterials for infections caused by P. aeruginosa. Red algae (Gracilaria sp.) is known to have bioactive content as antimicrobials from the alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, triterpenoids, and tannins. This study aimed to determine the antibacterial activity of ethanol extract and red algae fraction against P. aeruginosa and PAMR and to determine the Minimum Growth Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Kill Concentration (MBC) of the most active fraction. The method used was the agar diffusion method with paper discs and the determination of MGIC and MKC by microdilution. The results showed that the antibacterial activity of red algae was only found in the ethyl acetate fraction, with the most active inhibition zones being 14.67 mm against P. aeruginosa and 15.36 mm against PAMR. The MIC values resulting from the most active fraction were in the range of 25%-12.5% (w/v) for PAMR and 50%-25% for P. aeruginosa. From the results of the study, it can be concluded that the ethanol extract and the fraction of red algae (Gracilaria sp.) have antibacterial activity against both test microbial keratitis.

Introduction/Aim: Antiretroviral drugs can have adverse effects. Most are manageable, but some can be serious. The aim of this clinical study is to evaluate the potential benefits of taking Moringa oleifera on body mass index (BMI), blood triglyceride and High density lipoprotein (HDL) level in patient taking Tenofovir/Lamivudine/efavirenz (TLE) combination. Materials/Method: The study was designed as a Longitudinal Randomized Comparative Trial (LRCT) involving 140 HIV adult subjects (56 males, 84 females) who have been on Tenofovir/Lamivudine/ efavirenz (300/300/600mg) TLE combination for at least 6 months prior to the study. They were recruited from a Teaching Hospital in Nigeria. Moringa oleifera capsules (200mg) were administered by the subjects to be used beginning from the first day of visit 0, through visit 1 (after four weeks) and 2 (after 12 weeks). Blood samples of subjects were collected at each visit (visit 0, 1 and 2) and analyzed for triglyceride and HDL level. Result: There was no significant reduction in serum HDL level (P<0.01) of subjects in visit 1 but there was significant (P<0.01) increase on visit 2 when compared to visit 0. There was also significant improvement in blood triglyceride level (P<0.01) in visit 1 and 2 compared to visit 0 of tenofovir/ Lamivudine/Efavirenz (TLE) moringa combination Conclusion: Results from the study suggests that Moringa oleifera may be useful in improving triglyceride and cholesterol level of patients receiving TLE combination.

UV radiation can reaches the earth's surface that can cause burning of the skin with signs such as redness of the skin (erythema), pain, blistering and peeling of the skin. UV radiation also triggers the emergence of oxidant. One of the oxidant compounds produced by UV light is hydrogen peroxide. Hydrogen peroxide can trigger the formation of tyrosine and tyrosine causes the appearance of melanine. So it is necessary to have antioxidants to overcome UV radiation. One of the plants that has antioxidant activity is M. malabathricum L. Blossoms M. malabathricum L has greater antioxidant activity than bud flowers with an IC50 value of 6.9 ppm. The purpose of this study was to analyze the protective activity against UV rays of sunscreen lotion with ethanol extract of M. malabathricum L (LSFM) flowers as seen from the erythema index, melanin, SPF value, thyrosine and skin histology of rats exposed to UV-C light. The results showed lotion extract M. malabathricum L has sun protection activity with decrease level of eritema, melanin dan hydrogen peroxide.

Transdermal Drug Delivery System (TDDS) has not been used in majority of the countries, and the ones that use them have this system not as primary, but secondary choice of use. It is mainly because of the limitations they have previously faced in some cases. But, as a result of progressive evolution of TDDS from 1st Generation to 3rd Generation, there have been major changes and improvements which resolved the older limitations. Now days, TDDS and more specially the type Micro needle (MNs), could also deliver vaccines, and there are many researches and clinical trials occurred and are being proposed time to time, which are showing successful results. Over the past researches and clinical trials, the results depict that using MNs for vaccine delivery have many advantages, especially in view of any calamity or pandemic, like COVID-19. This review article has a main purpose of focusing that MNs would be the most prominent choice for COVID-19 vaccine delivery over injection or syringes, which will be a life changing happening for health care against fighting with pandemics using cost effective, easy and efficacious drug delivery system.

Background: Angiotensin II enzyme (ACE2) was extensively investigated in SARS-CoV-2 as the viral entrance. The abundance, distribution and diversity of this enzyme dictate the wide range of symptoms patients suffer from during the acute phase of COVID-19 infection and determine late phase symptoms. Objective: To determine factors associated with diversity of COVID-19 symptoms and relationship of these symptoms to each other. Design and methods: This is a retrospective cohort study that involved 191 Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) positive COVID-19 patients who were symptomatic while home-quarantined between March 2020 and January 2021 in Hebron district, southern West Bank. A well-prepared questionnaire was used to gather clinical data and information about symptoms patients suffered from during the acute phase of infection. Results: One hundred ninety-one symptomatic PCR positive COVID-19 subjects were included in this study. They were 31.4±16.4 years old and 59.2 % females. Using Fisher`s exact test, there was a strong relationship between anorexia and loss of either taste, smell, or both or not losing any of them, p=0.002. Suffering from Gastrointestinal (GIT) symptoms; such as diarrhea, nausea, vomiting, or combination of them was associated with anorexia, p=0.002. We found a significant relationship between specific GIT symptoms and dizziness, or headache; p=0.00, for each one. There was a strong relationship between having any of the GIT symptoms and agues, or headache, p=0.045 and 0.000, respectively, on Pearson Chi-square test. There was also a relationship between gender and headache, p=0.002. Conclusion: Local or systemic GI symptoms, neurological symptoms (headache, dizziness) along with smell and taste are connected to each other via gut-brain axis or micro biota-gut-brain axis.

Background: Diagnostic ultrasound is an advanced electronic device that creates images by using highfrequency sound pulses. Medical diagnostic examination can be utilized in a number of particular circumstances during pregnancy such as after health complications, or where there are concerns about fetal development. Since adverse effects can occur in pregnancies with no obvious risk factors, it is assumed that routine ultrasound would benefit all pregnancies by allowing for early detection and better control of pregnancy complications. Physical examination may be scheduled for early in the pregnancy, late in the pregnancy, or both. Aim: When opposed to the limited use of early pregnancy ultrasound for fetal assessment, researchers wanted to see how regular early pregnancy ultrasound for fetal assessment affects the detection of fetal malformations, multiple births, the rate of clinical procedures, and the occurrence of adverse fetal outcome. bex memorial hospital, onitsha, anambra state, nigeria, was the site of this study. Inclusion Criteria: Only pregnant women who visited the ultrasound unit during the research time were included in the study and only pregnant women who have a thorough record of their sociodemographic characteristics and diagnosis were considered. Data collection and analysis: The required information was gathered using a well-structured data collection sheet and statistical Package for Social Sciences was used to analyze the results (SPSS version 25.0). The findings were presented in a frequency distribution table and a cross-tabulation. At a 95% confidence level, the Chi-square test was used to look for substantial differences, and a P-value of less than 0.05 (P0.05) was considered statistically significant. Results: The foetuses in the anterior position accounted for 60.3 percent, the posterior position for 20.0 percent, and the fundal position for 19.7%. Breech position accounted for 23.9 percent of the placenta, while oblique position accounted for 18.4 percent. The placenta in the Occipito-Anterior position has a higher percentage of 57.7%. There were 1.4 percent (8/579 pregnancies, all breech presentations) noncephalic foetuses in postal cases, compared to 8.9 percent (29/327 pregnancies, 7.9 percent split and 1.0 percent transverse) in lateral cases, 6.2 percent (5/81 females, both presentations) in fundal cases, and 7.2 percent (5/69) in lateral insertions. With a 20.15 cm pelvic circumference, a 17.51 cm head circumference, and a gestational age of 20.24 weeks, the average femur duration was 9.89 cm. On the other side, the foetus seemed to be perfectly fine. Conclusions: The current scrutiny corroborated the size and growth of the foetuses observed via ultrasonography; by assessing fetal body parameters such as femur length, head circumference, abdominal circumference, placenta position, and fetal presentation.

Alzheimerʹs Disease (AD) remains a significant challenge in the field of neurodegenerative disorders, even nearly a century after its discovery, due to the elusive nature of its causes. The development of drugs that target multiple aspects of the disease has emerged as a promising strategy to address the complexities of AD and related conditions. The immune systemʹs role, particularly in AD, has gained considerable interest, with nanobodies representing a new frontier in biomedical research. Advances in targeting antibodies against Amyloid-β (Aβ) and using messenger RNA for genetic translation have revolutionized the production of antibodies and drug development, opening new possibilities for treatment. Despite these advancements, conventional treatments for AD, such as Cognex, Exelon, Razadyne, and Aricept, often have limited long-term effectiveness, underscoring the need for innovative solutions. This necessity has led to the incorporating of advanced technologies like artificial intelligence and machine learning into the drug discovery process for neurodegenerative diseases. These technologies help identify therapeutic targets and optimize lead compounds, offering a more effective approach to addressing the challenges of AD and similar conditions.