Addiction & Criminology

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Oncogenesis Review Articles

The identification of oncogenes such as H-RAS and tumor suppressor genes such as that encoding retinoblastoma protein (RB) involved a combination of functional cloning, linkage analyses, positional cloning, or mutational analyses of genetically predisposed individuals. Comparative genomic hybridization has since revealed various genes that can be amplified or deleted in cancer. The human genome projects further increased the speed of discovery (Bell 2010). Breast cancer genome analyses indicate that there are only a few genes that are frequently mutated but many that are infrequently mutated, providing an explanation for the observed cancer heterogeneity. Complex somatic DNA rearrangements, mostly intra-chromosomal tandem duplications, have been found in the breast cancer genomes that have been sequenced. Many of these rearrangements are because of non-homologous end joining. 

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