Reports on Oral Diseases

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Reports on Oral Diseases 44 7897 074717

Radio Chemistry

Atoms having the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons are isotopes. To identify an isotope we use the notation  AZE , where E is the element’s atomic symbol, Z is the element’s atomic number, and A is the element’s atomic mass number. Although an element’s different isotopes have the same chemical properties, their nuclear properties are different. The most important difference between isotopes is their stability. The nuclear configuration of a stable isotope remains constant with time. Unstable isotopes, however, spontaneously disintegrate, emitting radioactive particles as they transform into a more stable form. Alpha particles, beta particles, gamma rays, and X-rays are measured by using the particle’s energy to produce an amplified pulse of electrical current in a detector. These pulses are counted to give the rate of disintegration. Three types of detectors commonly are encountered: gas-filled detectors, scintillation counters, and semiconductor detectors. A gas-filled detector consists of a tube containing an inert gas, such as Ar. When a radioactive particle enters the tube it ionizes the inert gas, producing an Ar+/e– ion-pair. Movement of the electron toward the anode and the Ar+ toward the cathode generates a measurable electrical current. A Geiger counter is one example of a gas-filled detector. A scintillation counter uses a fluorescent material to convert radioactive particles into easily measurable photons. For example, a solid-state scintillation counter consisting of a NaI crystal containing 0.2% TlI produces several thousand photons for each radioactive particle. Finally, in a semiconductor detector, adsorption of a single radioactive particle promotes thousands of electrons to the semiconductor’s conduction band, increasing conductivity

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