Journal of Clinical and Experimental Toxicology

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Journal of Clinical and Experimental Toxicology 44 7897 074717

Toxicology Peer-review Journal

Toxicology smoking/vaping results in severe disease outcome and mortality amongst COVID-19 patients. SARS-CoV-2 with a membrane spike glycoprotein furin along with its receptor ACE2 and TMPRSS2 protease are increased by smoking/vaping in lung epithelium rendering viral entry and augmented infection. This results in a ‘cytokine storm’ involving excessive production of pro-inflammatory cytokines/chemokines. This review therefore discusses the impact of smoking /vaping on the key inflammatory mechanisms following Covid-19 infection and the possible therapeutic strategies required to medicine in their marketing. According to a 1987 AOA brochure, for example: (a) osteopathy is that the sole branch of mainstream medicine that follows the Hippocratic approach, overcome this excessive inflammatory response.

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