Timely Topics in Clinical Immunology

Timely Topics in Clinical Immunology 44 7897 074717

HIV And Microbiology Scientific Journals

 

In pathogenic human immunodeficiency virus and simian immunodeficiency virus infections, the translocation of microbial products from the alimentary canal to circulation has been proposed as a significant driver of the chronic immune activation that's related to disease progression. Microbial translocation isn't present in nonpathogenic SIV infections of natural host species. Demonstration of in vivo studies includes that SIV/HIV-associated microbial position change which  results from a series of immuno pathological events occurring at the GI mucosa: (i) early and severe mucosal CD4+ depletion, (ii) mucosal immune hyperactivation/persistent inflammation; (iii) damage to the integrity of the intestinal epithelium with enterocyte apoptosis and tight junction disruption; and (iv) subverted the gut microbiome, with a predominance of opportunistic bacteria. Direct evidence of in situ of microbial translocation has been provided for HIV-infected rhesus macaques showing change in positions of microbial products within the intestinal lamina propria and other sites. The mechanisms by which microbial position change causes immune activation remain controversial, a pivotal pathogenic event appears to be innate immunity activation through Toll-like receptors and other pathogen recognition receptors.

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