Research and Reports on Genetics

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Research and Reports on Genetics 44 7897 074717

DNA'smarker

Morphological markers can visually distinguish qualities like seed structure, flower colour, growth habit and other important agronomic traits. Morphological markers are easy to use, with no requirement for specific instruments. They do not require any specialized biochemical and molecular technique. Breeders have used such type of markers successfully in the breeding programmes for various crops. Main disadvantages of morphological markers are: they are limited in number, influenced by the plant growth stages and various environmental factors . Since ancient times, humans have successfully used various morphological markers to investigate the variation for utilization in plant breeding .Markers that are related with variations present in the numbers, banding patterns, size, shape, order and position of chromosomes are known as cytological markers. These variations reveal differences in the distributions of euchromatin and heterochromatin. For example, G bands are produced by Giemsa stain, Q bands are produced by quinacrine hydrochloride and R bands are the reversed G bands.

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