Journal of Environmental Waste Management and Recycling

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Journal of Environmental Waste Management and Recycling 44 7897 074717

Climate-change-innovations

Technological change on a huge scale will be needed to achieve large decrease in global GHG emissions. The results illustrate the four general approaches available to renovate the energy system of a country or region: 1. reduce the demands for energy in all major sectors of the economy (buildings, transportation, and industry), thus reducing the demand for fossil fuels; 2. develop the effectiveness of energy utilization so that less fossil fuel is required to meet “end use” energy demands, ensuing in lower CO2 emission; 3. replace high-carbon fossil fuels such as coal and oil with lower-carbon or zero-carbon alternatives such as natural gas, nuclear, and renewable energy sources such as biomass, wind and solar; and, 4. capture and sequester the CO2 emitted by the combustion of fossil fuels to prevent its release to the atmosphere. The expansion and adoption of novel technology is a necessary element of any comprehensive response to global climate change. To achieve the substantial reduction in CO2 emissions underlying figure 5, for example, the United States alone would have to retrofit or replace hundreds of electric power plants, tens of millions of vehicles, and hundreds of millions of consumer appliances, building systems (for heating, cooling and lighting), and industrial processes and equipment. Change on this will take several decades to accomplish.

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