Journal of Brain and Neurology

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Rapid Communication - Journal of Brain and Neurology (2025) Volume 8, Issue 3

Understanding neurotransmitters: The chemical messengers of the brain.

Rossitsa Paunova*

Department of Translational Neuroscience, University of Ottawa, Canada

*Corresponding Author:
Rossitsa Paunova
Department of Translational Neuroscience
University of Ottawa, Canada
E-mail: yasir -plovdiv.bg

Received: 02-Aug-2025, Manuscript No. AAJBN-25-171416; Editor assigned: 03-Aug-2025, Pre QC No. AAJBN-25-171416 (PQ); Reviewed: 16-Aug-2025, QC No. AAJBN-25-171416; Revised: 20-Aug-2025, Manuscript No. AAJBN-25-171416 (R); Published: 27-Aug-2025, DOI: 10.35841/aajbn-8.3.207

Citation: Paunova R. Understanding neurotransmitters: The chemical messengers of the brain. J Brain Neurol. 2025;8(3):207

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Introduction

Neurotransmitters are chemical substances that play a critical role in transmitting signals across the nervous system. They act as messengers between neurons, enabling communication that governs virtually every function in the human body, from movement to mood regulation. These molecules are synthesized in nerve cells and stored in synaptic vesicles, ready to be released when an electrical signal, or action potential, reaches the end of a neuron. The precise release and reception of neurotransmitters ensure that neural circuits function efficiently, influencing cognition, emotion, and behavior. [1].

The process of neurotransmission begins when an action potential travels down a neuron and triggers the release of neurotransmitters into the synaptic cleft, a tiny gap between neurons. Once released, these chemicals bind to specific receptors on the surface of the receiving neuron, initiating a response. This response can either excite the neuron, making it more likely to fire an action potential, or inhibit it, reducing the likelihood of signal propagation. The balance between excitatory and inhibitory signals is essential for maintaining proper brain function and overall neurological health. [2].

Several major classes of neurotransmitters exist, each with distinct functions. Acetylcholine is essential for muscle contraction and memory formation, while dopamine is associated with reward, motivation, and motor control. Serotonin contributes to mood regulation and sleep, and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) acts as the primary inhibitory neurotransmitter, reducing neuronal excitability. Other neurotransmitters like norepinephrine, glutamate, and endorphins also play vital roles in arousal, learning, pain modulation, and emotional responses. Disruptions in these neurotransmitter systems can lead to neurological or psychiatric disorders.[3].

The regulation of neurotransmitter levels is crucial for maintaining optimal brain function. Neurotransmitters are typically removed from the synaptic cleft through reuptake into the presynaptic neuron or enzymatic degradation. For example, the enzyme acetylcholinesterase breaks down acetylcholine to terminate its action, while transport proteins reabsorb neurotransmitters like serotonin and dopamine. Pharmacological interventions often target these mechanisms to restore neurotransmitter balance, as seen in antidepressants and antipsychotic medications. [4].

Neurotransmitters are not only critical in the central nervous system but also influence peripheral systems. For instance, acetylcholine affects autonomic functions like heart rate and digestion, while norepinephrine modulates stress responses. The widespread influence of neurotransmitters highlights their importance beyond simple neural communication, extending to physiological and psychological well-being. Research into neurotransmitter function continues to shed light on complex processes such as learning, memory consolidation, and emotional regulation. [5].

Conclusion

Understanding neurotransmitters is fundamental for advancing medical treatments and mental health therapies. Dysregulation of these chemical messengers is linked to conditions such as depression, anxiety, Parkinson’s disease, and schizophrenia. Ongoing studies aim to develop targeted therapies that can modulate neurotransmitter systems with precision, minimizing side effects while improving patient outcomes. By exploring the intricate roles of neurotransmitters, scientists can better understand the brain’s complexity and unlock new possibilities for enhancing human health and cognition.

References

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