Journal of Brain and Neurology

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Mini Review - Journal of Brain and Neurology (2025) Volume 8, Issue 2

Understanding neurodegenerative disorders: Challenges advances.

Nicola Allen*

Department of Molecular Neurobiology, Gorges University, India

*Corresponding Author:
CNicola Allen
Department of Molecular Neurobiology
Gorges University, India
E-mail: bssranimhans@gmail.com

Received: 01-May-2025, Manuscript No. AAJBN-25-171409; Editor assigned: 05-May-2025, Pre QC No. AAJBN-25-171409 (PQ); Reviewed: 17-May-2025, QC No. AAJBN-25-171409; Revised: 24-May-2025, Manuscript No. AAJBN-25-171409 (R); Published: 31-May-2025, DOI: 10.35841/aajbn-8.2.200

Citation: Allen N. Understanding neurodegenerative disorders: Challenges and advances. J Brain Neurol. 2025;8(2):200

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Introduction

Neurodegenerative disorders are a group of debilitating conditions characterized by the progressive loss of structure or function of neurons, ultimately leading to cognitive, motor, and behavioral impairments. These disorders, which include Alzheimer’s disease, Parkinson’s disease, Huntington’s disease, and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), have a significant impact on patients, families, and healthcare systems worldwide. The prevalence of neurodegenerative disorders is increasing due to aging populations, making them a major focus of medical research and public health initiatives. Despite extensive studies, the exact causes of many of these disorders remain elusive, often involving complex interactions between genetic, environmental, and lifestyle factors. [1].

Alzheimer’s disease is the most common neurodegenerative disorder, primarily affecting memory and cognitive function. It is characterized by the accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles in the brain, leading to neuronal death. Early symptoms often include forgetfulness and difficulty in performing daily tasks, progressing over time to severe cognitive impairment. Advances in neuroimaging and biomarker research have improved early diagnosis, yet effective treatments that can halt or reverse disease progression are still limited. Current therapies focus mainly on symptom management and slowing disease advancement. [2].

Parkinson’s disease primarily affects motor function due to the degeneration of dopamine-producing neurons in the substantia nigra. Patients often experience tremors, rigidity, bradykinesia, and postural instability. Non-motor symptoms such as depression, cognitive decline, and sleep disturbances also significantly affect quality of life. Research into disease-modifying therapies, including stem cell transplantation, gene therapy, and novel pharmacological agents, is ongoing. Early intervention and multidisciplinary management are crucial in improving long-term outcomes for patients.[3].

Huntington’s disease is a hereditary neurodegenerative disorder caused by a genetic mutation leading to abnormal protein accumulation in neurons. Symptoms typically include involuntary movements, cognitive decline, and psychiatric disturbances. Unlike sporadic neurodegenerative disorders, Huntington’s disease can be predicted through genetic testing, allowing for early monitoring and planning. Although there is no cure, symptomatic treatments, physical therapy, and supportive care can enhance quality of life and prolong functional independence. [4].

Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) involves the progressive degeneration of motor neurons, resulting in muscle weakness, paralysis, and respiratory failure. The disease progression varies among individuals, with most patients surviving only a few years after diagnosis. Research into the molecular mechanisms of ALS has revealed potential therapeutic targets, including oxidative stress pathways, protein aggregation, and neuroinflammation. Clinical trials are exploring pharmacological and gene-based therapies aimed at slowing disease progression and improving survival. [5].

Conclusion

Neurodegenerative disorders pose substantial challenges not only in clinical management but also in social and economic contexts. Caregiving responsibilities, long-term healthcare costs, and the emotional burden on families highlight the urgent need for preventive strategies, early detection, and innovative treatments. Ongoing research in genetics, neurobiology, and regenerative medicine offers hope for developing effective interventions. Collaborative efforts among scientists, clinicians, policymakers, and patient advocacy groups are essential to address the growing impact of these devastating disorders and improve the quality of life for affected individuals

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