Biology & Medicine Case Reports

All submissions of the EM system will be redirected to Online Manuscript Submission System. Authors are requested to submit articles directly to Online Manuscript Submission System of respective journal.
Reach Us +1 (629)348-3199

Short Communication - Biology & Medicine Case Reports (2025) Volume 9, Issue 4

Infectious diseases: Global, diverse, persistent challenges

Laura Kim*

Department of Virology, Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea

*Corresponding Author:
Laura Kim
Department of Virology
Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea.
E-mail: laura.kim@snu.ac.kr

Received : 04-Sep-2025, Manuscript No. AABMCR-228; Editor assigned : 08-Sep-2025, PreQC No. AABMCR-228(PQ); Reviewed : 26-Sep-2025, QC No AABMCR-228; Revised : 07-Oct-2025, Manuscript No. AABMCR-228(R); Published : 16-Oct-2025 , DOI : 10.35841/ bmcr-9.4.228

Citation: Kim L. Infectious diseases: Global, diverse, persistent challenges. aabmcr. 2025;09(04):228.

Visit for more related articles at Biology & Medicine Case Reports

Introduction

This article highlights the ongoing global threat posed by emerging and re-emerging fungal pathogens. It details how environmental changes, medical advancements, and global travel contribute to the rise of new fungal infections, often affecting immunocompromised individuals. Understanding their biology and developing better diagnostics and treatments are crucial for public health[1].

Here's the thing about Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs): they continue to affect over a billion people, primarily in low-income settings. This review emphasizes the persistent challenges in controlling and eliminating these ancient scourges, outlining current strategies and future needs for vaccine development, drug discovery, and public health interventions to alleviate the disproportionate burden on the world's poorest populations[2].

This paper offers a perspective on emerging and re-emerging bacterial pathogens, underscoring their dynamic nature and the ongoing threats they pose to global health. It covers the mechanisms driving their emergence, like antibiotic resistance and environmental factors, stressing the need for continuous surveillance, rapid diagnostics, and innovative therapeutic approaches[3].

Let's break down human prion diseases. This article discusses the diagnostic and therapeutic challenges associated with these rare, fatal neurodegenerative disorders. It highlights advancements in understanding prion biology, novel diagnostic biomarkers, and the ongoing search for effective treatments, which remains a significant hurdle given their rapid progression and lack of cure[4].

What this really means is that zoonotic viruses are a constant and evolving threat. This review delves into the mechanisms of zoonotic spillover from animal reservoirs to humans, discussing notable recent outbreaks and highlighting the critical need for interdisciplinary 'One Health' approaches. Early detection, rapid response, and global collaboration are essential for mitigating future pandemics originating from animals[5].

This paper examines the global challenges and future strategies concerning emerging and re-emerging arboviral infections. It highlights how climate change, urbanization, and travel patterns contribute to the spread of these mosquito- and tick-borne diseases. The authors emphasize the urgent need for enhanced surveillance, novel vector control methods, and vaccine development to combat these growing threats[6].

Non-tuberculous mycobacterial (NTM) infections are a truly worldwide problem, and this review articulates why. It discusses the increasing prevalence of NTM infections, particularly in individuals with underlying lung diseases, and the complexities associated with their diagnosis and prolonged, often toxic, treatment regimens. The article stresses the need for improved understanding of NTM epidemiology and more effective therapeutic strategies[7].

Cryptosporidiosis presents as a challenging parasitic disease, especially in immunocompromised patients, where it can lead to severe and chronic illness. This review highlights the current understanding of Cryptosporidium species, their transmission routes, and the limited treatment options available. It emphasizes the need for public health interventions and novel drug development to protect vulnerable populations[8].

Melioidosis, an often-overlooked infectious disease, is the focus here, with discussions on its epidemiology, complex pathogenesis, and clinical management. This article underlines its high mortality rate and the diagnostic challenges, particularly in endemic regions. It advocates for increased awareness, improved laboratory capacity, and effective antimicrobial treatment strategies to reduce its impact[9].

This article gives an update on rickettsial diseases, covering their epidemiology, the mechanisms by which they cause illness, and treatment options. These often severe, vector-borne bacterial infections present diagnostic dilemmas due to their non-specific symptoms. The paper emphasizes the need for a high index of suspicion and timely appropriate antibiotic therapy to prevent severe outcomes[10].

 

Conclusion

The landscape of global health is continuously challenged by a spectrum of infectious diseases, ranging from emerging and re-emerging pathogens to persistent neglected conditions. For instance, fungal pathogens pose a global threat, with environmental changes and medical advancements contributing to new infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals. Addressing this requires better diagnostics and treatments. Similarly, emerging and re-emerging bacterial pathogens represent a dynamic concern, driven by factors like antibiotic resistance and environmental shifts, demanding ongoing surveillance and innovative therapies. Zoonotic viruses are a constant, evolving threat, necessitating "One Health" approaches, early detection, and global collaboration to prevent future pandemics. Arboviral infections, spread by mosquitoes and ticks, also present global challenges, exacerbated by climate change and urbanization, underscoring the need for enhanced surveillance and novel control methods. Here's the thing about Neglected Tropical Diseases (NTDs): they continue to affect over a billion people in low-income settings, highlighting the urgent need for vaccine development, drug discovery, and public health interventions. Moreover, Non-tuberculous Mycobacterial (NTM) infections are a worldwide problem, with increasing prevalence and complex treatment regimens, stressing the need for better epidemiological understanding and effective strategies. Cryptosporidiosis is another challenging parasitic disease, particularly for immunocompromised patients, requiring public health interventions and new drug development. Melioidosis, an often-overlooked infectious disease, demands increased awareness and improved laboratory capacity due to its high mortality. Finally, rickettsial diseases, severe vector-borne bacterial infections, call for high suspicion and timely antibiotic therapy to prevent severe outcomes. Human prion diseases also present unique diagnostic and therapeutic hurdles given their fatal neurodegenerative nature and lack of cure. These diverse threats collectively underscore the critical importance of continuous research, surveillance, and collaborative health strategies worldwide.

References

  1. David SP, Dimitrios PK, Luis O. Emerging and Re-emerging Fungal Pathogens: A Global Threat. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med. 2021;11(1):a038596.

    2. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

  2. Peter JH, Hillary P, Ann H. Neglected Tropical Diseases: Current Status and the Road Ahead. PLoS Negl Trop Dis. 2020;14(8):e0008511.

    3. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

  3. Alexander Z, John CA, Olga Z. Emerging and Re-emerging Bacterial Pathogens: A Global Perspective. Annu Rev Med. 2022;73:11-26.

    4. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

  4. Fabrizio M, Pierluigi G, Giorgio G. Human Prion Diseases: Current Diagnostic and Therapeutic Challenges. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol. 2020;79(8):844-855.

    5. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

  5. J. SMP, Yi G, Kwok-Yung Y. Zoonotic viruses: current and future threats. Science. 2020;368(6498):eaaz4746.

    6. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

  6. Nirmeen M, Asma A, Samar M. Emerging and Re-emerging Arboviral Infections: Global Challenges and Future Strategies. J Infect Public Health. 2022;15(1):1-14.

    7. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

  7. David EG, Timothy RA, Charles LD. Non-tuberculous mycobacterial infections: a worldwide problem. Lancet Respir Med. 2020;8(11):1111-1123.

    8. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

  8. Myriam B, Paul RH, Rachel MC. Cryptosporidiosis: A Challenging Parasitic Disease in Immunocompromised Patients. Clin Infect Dis. 2019;69(1):153-159.

    9. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

  9. W. JW, Bart JC, Stephen JP. Melioidosis: Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Clinical Management. Clin Microbiol Rev. 2020;33(2):e00045-19.

    10. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

  10. Megan ER, Eric SM, Nancy AH. Rickettsial Diseases: An Update on Epidemiology, Pathogenesis, and Treatment. Clin Infect Dis. 2022;75(2):e1-e11.

    11. Indexed at, Google Scholar, Crossref

Get the App