Research Article - Journal of Fisheries Research (2023) Volume 7, Issue 6

Freshwater Fish biodiversity of Indrapuri Dam, Rohtas, Bihar.

Babita Sharma^1*, Ambiya Khatoon¹, Manoj Kumar Jaiswal²

¹Zoology Department, Patna Science College, Patna University, Patna 800005, Bihar, India

²Zoology Department, C.M.P. Degree College, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India

*Corresponding Author:

Babita Sharma
Zoology Department, Patna Science College
Patna University, Patna 800005, Bihar, India
E-mail: babita2005@gmail.com

Received:-03-Dec-2023, Manuscript No. aajfr-23-125143; Editor assigned: 04-Dec-2023, PreQC No. aajfr-23- 125143(PQ); Reviewed: 18-Dec-2023, QC No.aajfr-23-125143; Revised: 22-Dec-2023, Manuscript No. aajfr-23- 125143(R); Published: 31-Dec-2023, DOI: 10.35841/aajfr-7.6.177

Citation: Sharma B, Khatoon A, Jaiswal M. Freshwater Fish biodiversity of Indrapuri Dam, Rohtas, Bihar.J Fish Res. 2023;7(6):177

Abstract

This study focuses on freshwater fish biodiversity of a dam, a topic of great interest and importance in ecology and conservation biology. Complex interactions between the physical and ecological factors of dam environments can dramatically impact the fish populations they support. Dams alter the flow regime, reduce access to habitats, change water temperatures, and may introduce pollutants, all of which can lead to changes in freshwater fish populations. Dams can also be a source of novelty environments that host unique species assemblages, including the introduction of exotic species and the creation of novel habitats, such as rivers being converted into reservoirs or dams creating warm water outlets. Effective management practices, including the restoration of habitat connectivity and focusing on conservation efforts, can positively impact fish populations in dam environments, enhance the fish biodiversity, and help to preserve and restore the natural environment. Our biodiversity study summarizes the work done in this direction till date on Indrapuri Dam of Rohtas district in Bihar, India along with its comparison to data collected by us. Our aim here is to know how diversity is changing in this dam over the years. We found 41 freshwater fish species in this dam belonging to 19 families and 10 orders in this study as compared to 25 fish species belonging to 12 families and 5 orders reported 7 years back. In comparison to previous studies we found an increase in biodiversity of fishes in the dam

 Keywords

Freshwater fish biodiversity, Anthropogenic effects and Indrapuri dam.

Introduction

Dam pose threats to freshwater fish biodiversity in various ways as other factors like global warming. Impact of dams is way more than any other factors and is predictable and pressing on fishes [1]. It is important to take care of our water bodies in order to sustain the needs of our growing population. We use water for different purposes like irrigation, human consumption, industrial consumption and more. Most of these activities reduce the quality of our water bodies. Our study area for this study is the Indrapuri Barrage (also known as the Sone Barrage) which spans the Sone River in Rohtas district of Bihar. It is world’s 4th largest barrage measuring 1,407 meters (4,616 feet) in length. The Sone River flows east-northeast through Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, and Bihar and finally joins the river Ganges before Danapur, Patna. It’s construction began in the 1960s and was completed in 1968. Anicut over the Sone at Dehri was built in 1873-74, making it one of the country's oldest irrigation systems. Fishes are the keystone species of ecosystems that help in determining the distribution and diversity of other creatures. They are excellent markers of the ecosystem's health and water quality. Our country has a diverse fish biodiversity with over 2,200 fish species, and is ranked ninth in terms of freshwater mega biodiversity [2] and a large amount of freshwater fish output still relies on wild population catch [3]. 11% of total 21730 fish species are found in Indian waters [4]. Scientific description of 24,600 extant fish species are available and they are divided into 482 families and 57 orders [5]. The initial evaluation, classified 46 freshwater fish species as endangered in India [6], the second review covered 320 freshwater fish species, with 43 being classified as severely endangered, 90 as endangered, and 81 as vulnerable [7]. Meanwhile, a recent evaluation for central India (Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Rajasthan) found 168 fish species, 41 of which were classified as endangered (24.40 %) [8]. All this data indicates towards the deteriorating quality of water which ultimately leaves the freshwater fishes vulnerable. We aim to find out how biodiversity in Indrapuri Dam area is changing through the years.

Methodology

Conserving fish species is possible only after identifying them correctly. For identifying correct scientific names web resources like Fish Base (www.fishbase.org) and Eschmeyer Catalog of Fishes were used. Following types of characters were taken into consideration:

Morphological Characters: Refer to the physical features of an organism that are related to its form, structure and appearance. These characteristics include aspects such as body shape, size, coloration, presence of appendages or organs and other observable physical attributes [9,10].

Morphometric Characters: Refer to the quantitative measurements which were measured by calipers or rulers.

Meristic Characters: Are quantitative traits that describe the countable features of an organism. 1. Number of fin rays: Different species have specific number of rays in their fins (dorsal fin, pectoral fins, and anal fin). These numbers can vary between individuals and populations, but they are typically consistent within a species. 2. Number of vertebrae: The number of vertebrae is another meristic characteristic used to differentiate between fish species. This count can vary between species and can be used as an identification feature. 3. Number of gill rakers: different species have a specific number of gill rakers on their gill arches. These structures help filter food particles from the water. 4. Number of scales: The number of scales along the lateral line or on the body is another meristic character that can vary between individuals and populations. These meristic characteristics, along with the morphological characteristics mentioned earlier, help researchers differentiate between and understand the unique traits of each species [11-13].

Descriptive Characters: Are used to describe the physical appearance, coloration, shape of the body, presence or absence of certain fins, color patterns, scales, and other distinctive features (Figure-1).

Figure 1: (A) Represents the morphological characters that are used for identification and characterization of fishes. Morphological characters tell us about the aspects of body form. Given above is a sample diagram that introduces us to all standard terms related to morphological identification. (B) represents meristic characters used for identification and characterization of fishes. Meristic characters tell us about the serially repeated and countable traits. Given above is a sample diagram that introduces us to all standard terms related to morphological and meristic characters for fish identification.

Fish diversity of Indrapuri Dam

Though fishes include Agnatha (jawless fishes), Chondrichthyes (Sharks and Rays), Sarcopterygii (lobe finned fishes) and Actinopterygii (the bony or Ray finned fishes) we will focus on freshwater bony fishes only. Out of total 32500 marine and freshwater species, 11952 are freshwater (Helfman et. al. 2009). Any discrepancies in naming and classification were dealt by International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). The purpose of this study is to determine the current state of freshwater fish biodiversity of the Indrapuri Dam, Bihar, India. Earlier studies suggest that Indrapuri Dam had 25 fish species belonging to 12 families and 5 orders [14, 15]. We found more species that we are adding here. We did identification and morphological characterization of the 10 orders, 19 families and 41 freshwater fish species that are found in the dam. All these fishes are bony fishes belonging to class Osteichthyes. Further they are members of subclass Actinopterygii, commonly known as ray finned fishes. They comprise 50% of the living vertebrates. 99% fishes belong to this subclass and infraclass Teleostei, commonly known as bony fishes. The table below represents classification of the freshwater fishes we found in Indrapuri dam (Table -1).

Table-1: Types of fish species found in Indrapuri Dam. The table represents the freshwater bony fishes that were found in the dam. We found fishes belonging to 10 orders (Siluriformes, Symbranchiformes, Perciformes, Cypriniformis, osteoglossiformes, Anguilliformes, Clupeiformes, Anabantiformes, Gobiiformes and Beloniformes), 19 families and 41 species.

Order 1: Siluriformes

Fishes of this order are generally known as catfishes. Most species of this order have a flattened head and wide mouth with bony plates instead of teeth. They typically have smooth, scaleless skin, although some have bony plates or spines embedded in their skin. Nearly all species have some form of barbels or sensory organs around their mouth which they use to locate food. Catfishes are primarily freshwater fishes, although some species live in brackish or saltwater habitats [16, 17]. Many catfish species are important food fish and are cultivated in fisheries around the world. Some also have a reputation for being nocturnal scavengers and can be found in aquariums. Some catfish can grow to very large sizes, such as the Mekong giant catfish, which is one of the largest freshwater fish in the world, weighing up to 600 pounds. We found 14 fish species belonging to 7 families from this order in the selected sites of Indrapuri Dam (Table-2).

Table-2: Table represents a comparative account of 5 families of order Siluriformes that we found in Indrapuri Dam. Mystus bleekeri, Mystus tengara and Rita Rita were the three members  found belonging to family Bagridae, Clarias batracus from family Clariidae, Hara jerdoni from family Eresthistidae, Heteropneustes heteropneustes from family Hetropneustidae and pangasius pangasius from family Pangasiidae were found. Table shows comparative pH, Temperature, habit and length of fishes along with International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) status of fishes mentioned as EN, Endangered; VU, Vulnerable; NT, Near threatened; LRnt, Low risk near threatened; NA, Not assessed and LC,Least concerned.

A. Family: Bagridae

It is a family of catfishes found in both freshwater and brackish water habitats. Most members of are native to Asia, but some species are also found in Africa. They have smooth, scaleless skin that is often slimy or mucous-covered. Often, they have a long adipose fin that extends along the length of their body, from just behind the dorsal fin to the caudal fin [18-20]. Another distinctive feature of Bagrid catfish is the presence of a bony plate on their pectoral fin spine, which they use for defense against predators [21].They are typically bottom-dwelling fishes, using their sensitive barbels to locate prey, and preying on a variety of small invertebrates and fish [22]. Many species of Bagrid catfish are popular food fish, and are also kept as aquarium fish due to their typically hardy nature. Bagrid catfishes are commonly known as naked catfishes as they are devoid of scales. Omnivorous, easy to rear and not fussy as eaters. Larger ones are used as food mainly and sometimes kept as aquarium fishes. Mystus name was derived from word Mystax meaning “whiskered” used by Belon in 1553 to describe all fishes with whiskers. These whiskers/barbels that are four in number are covered by a layer of taste bud enriched epithelium. We found following fishes belonging to this family in our dam [23, 24].

Species 1: Mystus bleekeri, commonly known as the Bleeker's catfish or Blue eye catfish, is a species of catfish belonging to the family Bagridae. These fishes are found in rivers, streams, and lakes throughout Southeast Asia, including India, Nepal, Myanmar, and Thailand. The body of Mystus bleekeri is elongated and slender, with a silvery white coloration. They have a prominent adipose fin that extends almost all the way to the base of the tail. The eyes of this species are a striking blue color, which is where they get the common name ''Blue Eye Catfish." Mystus bleekeri are hardy and adaptable fish. They typically grow to be around 6-8 inches in length when kept in captivity. They need plenty of hiding places and a varied diet to stay healthy. They are also known for being sociable and often do well in groups.

Species 2: Mystus tengara, locally known as Singora is a freshwater striped catfish having high nutritional value. This fish is cultured by small scale fishermen these are oviparous and eat aquatic invertebrates and small fishes. These fish are found in freshwater habitats throughout South Asia, including Bangladesh, Myanmar and northeastern India. Mystus tengara gets its name from the Bengali word "tanager," which means the pattern of bricks on a wall, as it has a mottled brick-red coloration on its body. They have a relatively slender body shape, with a slightly forked tail and stout barbels. They also have a long adipose fin, which is a distinguishing feature of catfish. These fish are primarily bottom-dwellers, where they feed on a variety of invertebrates, small fish, and plant matter. Mystus tengara is known to be a hardy species, which is why it is popular in the aquarium trade. In captivity, it reaches a maximum size of around 16 cm (6 inches). The lifespan of these catfish can vary but it is typically around 8-10 years [25-28].

Species 3: Rita rita, a fresh water, brackish and demersal fishes living close to the floor of the water body. They are sluggish and bottom dwelling fishes that feed on small fishes, crustaceans, insect as well as on decaying organic matter. Rita rita, also known as the Rita catfish or Rita pabo, is a species of catfish belonging to the family Bagridae. These fish are found in freshwater systems throughout South Asia, including the Ganges-Brahmaputra river basin. The body of Rita rita is elongated and cylindrical, with a brownish-black coloration and lighter colored undersides. They have a large head with prominent, barbels, and a distinctly "cat-like" appearance. They are also known for their sharp, serrated spines, located on their pectoral fins, which can be used for defense [29]. These catfish are primarily bottom-dwellers and feed on a variety of aquatic invertebrates, small fish, and plant matter other small aquatic animals. They inhabit fast-flowing streams and can tolerate a wide range of water conditions. In captivity, Rita rita can grow up to 65 cm (26 inches) in length. Rita rita is prized for its meat and is an important food source for many communities living in the regions where they are found [30, 31]. They are also sometimes kept in aquariums, but due to their large size, they require a very large tank that can accommodate their active swimming lifestyle.

B. Family: Clariidae

These fishes are capable of taking oxygen directly from are the air by the help of their Labyrinth organ. Found in fresh water rivers, muddy water canals and ditches. Clariidae is a family of freshwater catfish commonly known as the air-breathing catfish or the walking catfish [32]. They are found in freshwater systems throughout Southeast Asia, Africa, and parts of the Middle East. One of the distinguishing features of the Clariidae family is the presence of a lung which allows them to breathe air, using a modified swim bladder. This adaptation allows them to survive in poorly oxygenated or stagnant waters and even survive out of water for short periods. Clariidae catfish have a narrow, elongated body with a large, flattened head and a pair of long, barbels protruding from their mouths. They have an assortment of different color patterns ranging from light to dark brown, with spotty, blotchy, or striped scales. These catfish are primarily nocturnal, and they feed on insects, crustaceans, and small fishes [33, 34]. They can also survive on plant matter and detritus when their primary food source is scarce. In captivity, many species of Clariidae are quite popular as they are hardy and do well in aquariums. They are also used for food, particularly in Southeast Asia. We found only Clarias batracus from this family in our dam (Figure-2).

Figure 2: Figure represents the members of order Siluriformes and family Bagridae. We found three catfishes in the dam belonging to family Bagridae, namely Mystus bleekeri, Mystus tengara and Rita rita.

Species 4: Clarias batracus, commonly known as the walking catfish or the freshwater catfish, is a species of air- breathing catfish belonging to the family Clariidae. They are found in freshwater systems throughout Southeast Asia and parts of South Asia. Clarias batrachus doesn't actually "walk" on its fins, but is capable of wriggling its way across land using its long body and strong muscles to navigate and climb over obstacles. They are primarily nocturnal bottom feeders, feeding on a wide range of foods including insects, crustaceans, small fish, and plant matter. The body of Clarias batrachus is elongated, with a flattened head, long barbels, and a pair of sharp spines located behind the pectoral fins. They have uniform brownish-grey coloration and are covered in small scales. In captivity, they are hardy and generally easy to care for, and as a result, are popular in the aquarium trade [35]. However, they require a mature tank with plenty of hiding places and good water quality. They grow quickly and can reach up to two feet in length, needing plenty of space to swim as adults. In some parts of Southeast Asia, Clarias batrachus are considered a delicacy and are farmed for their meat, while in other places they are actually considered an invasive species [36]. Complete mitochondrial genome is available for this endangered fish [37].

C. Family: Erethistidae

The Family Erethistidae is a group of freshwater catfishes that are native to Asia. They are small to medium-sized fish with a flattened head and body. Some species have long spines on their fins for protection from predators, and many have a distinctive pattern of stripes or spots on their bodies [38]. These fish are popular among aquarium enthusiasts because of their unique appearance and interesting behavior. They are also valued by some cultures as a food source. We found one species from this family that is Hara jerdoni.

Species 5 : Hara jerdoni is a small fish with a lifespan of around 5 years. Shy and docile by nature and lives in the slow moving waters with soft pebble substratum. Their food includes bloodworms and daphnia. It is also known as the Asian Stone Catfish. Small freshwater catfish species that is native to parts of Asia, including India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. They have a dark brown to black body with lighter spots that can help them blend into their natural environment. It is known to be a peaceful fish that can be kept in community aquariums with other small fish species. They prefer a well- planted tank with plenty of hiding places, and they can be fed a variety of foods including flakes, pellets, and frozen and live foods [39-41].

D. Family: Heteropneustidae

Heteropneustidae is a family of catfish species that are found in freshwater habitats in Asia and Africa. They are commonly referred to as air-breathing catfishes, due to their specialized ability to breathe air using a primitive lung in addition to their gills. The family includes about 52 species in 9 genera. They are generally small to medium-sized fish, with most species reaching less than 30 cm in length. Some of the more well-known species include the Indian catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis) and the walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). Air breathing catfishes typically inhabit slow- moving streams, ponds, and swamps, and they feed on insects, small crustaceans, and other small aquatic creatures [42]. They are also sometimes kept as aquarium fish due to their unique behavior and adaptation to breathing air.

Species 6: Heteropneustes heteropneustes feed mainly on small crustaceans and worms. Found in ponds, ditches, muddy waters, swamps and marshes are the airspace catfishes. These fishes show an elongated and compressed body type. Their heads are depressed specifically. They are called airspace catfishes for they have large air sacs that function like a lung. These fishes are dangerous as their pectoral fins have an associated poison gland [43,44].

E. Family: Pangasiidae

The Pangasiidae family of fish, commonly known as catfish, is a group of freshwater fishes found primarily in Southeast Asia. These fish are known for their whisker-like barbels that help them navigate the murky waters they inhabit. They come in various sizes and colors, with some growing up to 10 feet long. Some popular species include the Pangasius hypophthalmus, also known as the iridescent shark, and the Pangasianodon gigas, nicknamed the giant pangasius. Overall, these fish are an important food source for many people and play a significant role in their respective ecosystems [45, 46].

Species 7: Pangasius pangasius, also known as the Pangas catfish or Vietnamese sutchi catfish, is a freshwater fish that belongs to the family Pangasiidae. It is native to Southeast Asia, where it is a popular food fish. It is a relatively small fish, growing up to around 30 inches in length and weighing around 4 pounds. The Pangas catfish feeds mainly on small fish, crustaceans, insects, and other small aquatic animals (Figure-3). It is an important species for the aquaculture industry due to its fast growth rate, resistance to disease, and high tolerance to a wide range of environmental conditions. However, it is also considered an invasive species in some areas where it has been introduced. These are obligate air breathing fishes reared for consumption. Mainly herbivorous in nature. Their flesh is sweet and fine grained considered of good quality. Complete mitochondrial genome sequence is available for this endangered fish [47].

Figure 3: Figure represents other members of order Siluriformes. Members from three more families. Clarias batracus belongs to family Clariidae, Hara jerdoni belongs to Eresthistidae, and Heteropneustes fossilis belongs to Heteropneustidae.

F. Family: Schilbeidae/Aiilidae

Fish belonging to the family Schilbeidae are commonly known as schilbeid catfishes, or simply schilbeids. These fish are a diverse group found in freshwater habitats throughout Africa and Asia. There are over 80 species in the family, and they vary widely in size and habits. Schilbeid catfish are mostly nocturnal, and they are often found in fast-moving water. Many species are predatory and feed on small fish, while others are omnivorous. Some of the larger species are important food fish, while smaller species are kept in aquaria. Schilbeids are characterized by their long dorsal and anal fins, which often have several finlets between them. They typically have slender bodies and wide, flattened heads with long, barbels around their mouths [48]. Some of the more interesting species in the family include the African buttercatfish, the dwarf African catfish, and the clown catfish .

Species 8: Ailia colia, also commonly known as Gangetic Ailia or Ailia fish, is a freshwater fish species belonging to the family Osteoglossidae. It is found primarily in the rivers and estuaries of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. The fish can reach up to 30 cm in length and is usually silver with a curved head and small, sharp teeth. Ailia colia is an important food fish in many areas of its distribution, where it is often caught using traditional fishing methods like gill nets, cast nets, and traps. In addition to its economic value, the species is also used for research purposes because of its phylogenetic importance. Like many other freshwater fish species, Ailia colia currently faces the threat of overfishing, habitat destruction, and pollution [49]. As a result, many organizations and individuals are working to ensure the long-term conservation of this endangered species and its ecosystem. Lifespan of 1.4 - 4.4 years.

Species 9: Clupisoma garua are fresh and brackish water fishes that inhabit rivers and large freshwater bodies. Bottom dwelling fishes that feed on insect, shrimps and small fishes. Clupisoma garua is a freshwater fish species that belongs to the Schilbeidae or Aillidae family. It is commonly found in slow-moving rivers, streams, and flood plains in the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra river basins of South Asia (Table-3). Some general characteristics of Clupisoma garua fish include a cylindrical-shaped body that is elongated and compressed, with a smooth skin covered with slime. It has a small head and small eyes, and its mouth is located ventrally with no barbels. The fish has 4 to 5 pairs of gill slits that are crescent-shaped and wide. The dorsal fin extends from behind the head to the tip of the tail and has a deeply forked caudal fin. The fish is usually dark brown in color and can grow up to 25 cm in length [50-53].

Table 3: Table given below represents the members of order Siluriformes. Members from three more families. Ailia colia, Clupisoma garua, Clupisoma montane, Eutropiichthys vacha and Silonia silonia belongs to family Schilbeidae, and Ompok bimacuatus and Wallago attu belongs to family Siluridae. Table shows comparative pH, Temperature, habit, lifespan and length of fishes. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) status of fishes mentioned as EN, Endangered; VU, Vulnerable; NT, Near threatened; LRnt, Low risk near threatened; NA, Not assessed and LC, Least concerned.

Species 10: Clupisoma montana is a freshwater fish found in slow-moving rivers, streams, and ponds in certain parts of South Asia, particularly in the streams of Myanmar and the middle parts of the Irrawaddy River basin. This fish is also known as the Mountain Goonch or Squid Catfish and has a similar body shape to Clupisoma garua as well with a smooth skin covered with slime. The Squid Catfish has a flattened head and narrower body profile than Clupisoma garua and can grow up to 50 cm in total length [54,55]. The distinguishing feature of Clupisoma montana is its round lamellae that pierce the skin along the margins of the pectoral fin base in males, which is not present in its close relative, Clupisoma garua. Overall, both Clupisoma garua and Clupisoma montana are interesting species of freshwater fish with unique characteristics.

Species 11: Eutropiichthys vacha is pelagic and Potamodromous fish that feeds on small fish and insects. This fish is climate sensitive and can be used to study effect of climate change. Eutropiichthys vacha is another freshwater fish species that belongs to the family Schilbeidae and is found in South and Southeast Asia, particularly in the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Mekong river basins. This fish has an elongated and cylindrical-shaped body, with a pointed head and a small mouth. It has a single dorsal fin that is located closer to the tail and a deeply forked caudal fin. Its skin is covered with smooth scales [56]. The color of Eutropiichthys vacha is usually gray or brown with golden or silver reflections on the sides and belly. It can grow up to 50 cm in length and has an important role in the freshwater ecosystem by feeding on insects, crustaceans, and smaller fishes. Eutropiichthys vacha is also an important fish for commercial and subsistence fishery, particularly in Bangladesh and India, where it is caught and processed for local and regional markets [57-59].

Species 12: Silonia silondia also known as Silond catfish, is a demersal fish that inhabit rivers, shoals. Bottom dwellers and carnivorous by nature that feed on animal based food including small fishes, crustaceans, insects, molluscs and plants materials (Figure-4). This fish is found in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Nepal. It can grow up to 72 inches or 183cm. During breeding season the adults migrate from estuaries into large rivers during monsoon season. As water level decreases they get stranded in small pools [60].

Figure 4: Figure represents the members of order Siluriformes. Ailia colia, Clupisoma garua, Clupisoma montana, Eutropiichthys vacha and Silonia silondia belongs to family Schilbeidae, and Ompok bimacuatus and Wallago attu belongs to family Siluridae. Column one represents the name of the family. Second represents name of species whereas pictures of the fishes are shown in the right most column.

G. Family: Siluridae

The Siluridae, also known as the siluroid catfishes, are a family of freshwater catfishes. Size of these catfishes vary greatly and can range from small, 10 cm (4 in) in species like Amblyceps mangois to larger 2 m (6 ft 7 in) species like the giant Mekong catfish (Pangasianodon gigas). Appearance varies significantly between species, many have cylindrical, eel-like body shape and smooth and scaleless skin. They also have a protective covering of bony plates along the head and upper body. Most silurids are nocturnal and typically feed on live or decaying fish, insects and other invertebrates. Found in freshwater habitats on every continent with the exception of Australia and Antarctica. Importance: Many species are important food fishes in some regions of the world such as the Mekong, while others are kept as pets or used as ornamentation in a home aquarium [61, 62].

Species 13: Ompok bimaculatus, also known as the butter catfish, is a species of freshwater catfish found in rivers and streams throughout Southeast Asia. Adults can reach up to 30 centimeters or 12 inches in length. Their appearance is brownish-grey in color with two distinct black spots on their backs (hence the name “bimaculatus”). Nocturnal and usually found hiding under rocks or submerged logs during the day. They feed on small fish insects, and crustaceans. They can live up to 10 years in captivity. Economically important food fish in Southeast Asia. Complete genome sequence is available [63, 64].

Species 14: Wallago attu, also known as the Wallago catfish, is a species of freshwater catfish found in South and Southeast Asia. Adults can reach up to 180 centimeters (6 feet) in length and 40 kilograms (90 pounds) in weight. Olive brown to dark brown in colour with a streamlined, eel-like body shape and uniform fins along the belly. They have sharp, serrated spines on their pectoral and dorsal fins. By nature they are predatory carnivores that feed on fish, crustaceans and other aquatic organisms. They are known to migrate long distances between rivers and reservoirs and prefer large, deep rivers and lakes with muddy or sandy bottoms. An important food fish in many parts of South and Southeast Asia, and also popular among recreational anglers for their size and fighting ability (Figure -5).

Figure 5: Figure represents the members of order Siluriformes. Members Ompok bimacuatus and Wallago attu belong to family Siluridae. Column one represents the name of the fish family. Second column represents name of fish species whereas pictures of the respective fishes are shown in the right.

Order 2: Symbranchiformes

They are a group of primarily freshwater fish that are found in tropical and subtropical regions. Members of this group have elongated bodies that are eel-like in appearance. They possess a reduced or absent dorsal fin, and a caudal (tail) fin that is either well-developed or absent altogether. Symbranchiformes have a well-developed sense of smell and a secondary olfactory organ, called the vomeronasal organ, which is used to detect chemicals in the water. They are mostly nocturnal and feed on small animals that they find on or in the substrate and in the water column. Symbranchiformes have adapted to poorly-oxygenated waters by developing an accessory breathing organ called the supra-branchial organ that allows them to breathe air. They belong to a group of fish known as the bony-tongues, which also includes the Arapaimidae (arapaimas) and the Osteoglossidae (arowanas) [65-67].

H. Family: Mastacembelideae

They are a family of freshwater fish, also known as spiny eels, found primarily in freshwater habitats in Africa and Asia. Members of this family are elongated, serpent-like fishes that lack pelvic fins. Mastacembelids are generally nocturnal and feed on small invertebrates and fish as they move along the substrate [68, 69]. They possess a specialized sense organ known as the rostral organ, which is used to detect weak electric fields generated by prey. Some species possess large, spiny projections on their dorsal fin, which can be used for defense or as a display mechanism. Mastacembelids have lung-like structures for oxygen exchange, and some species have been observed to emerge from the water entirely to gulp air. They are popular aquarium fish due to their unique appearance and interesting behavior patterns [70-73].

Species 15 :Mastacembalus pancalus, also known as the Royal Spiny Eel or Zig Zag Spiny Eel, is a freshwater fish species commonly found in rivers and streams in parts of South Asia including India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan. This long, slender fish has a serpentine-like appearance. Its body is dark brown to black, with a white to yellowish underside. It has an elongated jaw with multiple sharp teeth, and a series of spines running down its dorsal fin and tail. The Royal Spiny Eel can reach up to 60 cm (24 inches) in length, although in the aquarium it usually grows to around 30 cm (12 inches). It typically inhabits shallow, fast-moving rivers with rocky or sandy bottoms, as well as other freshwater habitats such as ponds and swamps (Table-4). The Royal Spiny Eel is a carnivorous fish, feeding mostly on small fish, crustaceans, insects, and other small aquatic animals. This species is mostly nocturnal and spends most of the day hiding under rocks, logs, or other structures in the water. It is known for its ability to move both forwards and backwards, and is a strong swimmer. It is believed to spawn during the rainy season and eggs are deposited in sand or gravel substrates [74, 75].

Table 4: Table given below represents the members of three orders Symbranchiformes,  Perciformes and Osteoglossiformes. Members include Mastacembelus pancalus from family  Mastacembelidae and order Symbranchiformes.  Channa punctatus belongs to family Channidae whereas Orechromis niloticus and Oreochromis mossambicus are from family Chichlidae. Elongate glassyperchlet belongs to family Ambassidae. All these families, Channidae, Chichlidae and Ambassidae belong to order Perciformes. Last member shown in table is Notopterus notopterus that belongs to family Notopteridae and order Osteoglossiformes. Table represents comparative pH, Temperature, habit, life span and length of fishes. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) status of fishes mentioned as EN, Endangered; VU, Vulnerable; NT, Near threatened; LRnt, Low risk near threatened; NA, Not assessed and LC, Least concerned.

Order 3: Perciformes

They are the largest order of fish, containing over 9,000 known species, and are found in both saltwater and freshwater habitats across the world. Members of this order have a wide range of body shapes and sizes, but most are characterized by a flat or laterally compressed body, spiny fins, and a ctenoid or cycloid scales. Perciformes are carnivorous, with many species preying on other fish and invertebrates. They have a range of reproductive strategies, with some species guarding their eggs and young while others have no parental care. Perciformes are highly adaptable fish, with many species able to survive and thrive in a range of environmental conditions. The group includes many popular game fish species, like bass, perch, and snappers, as well as many popular aquarium species, like cichlids, angelfish, and gobies. They are important economically and are a major source of protein for human consumption [76-78].

I. Family: Channidae

Also known as snakeheads, Channidae is a family of freshwater fish found primarily in Asia and Africa. Snakeheads are elongated, predatory fish with a large mouth and sharp teeth. Most species have an oblong shape with a flattened head, and some possess distinctive stripes or blotches. Members of this family are hardy and adaptable fish, able to survive in low-oxygen environments and move overland between water bodies, a trait known as air-breathing. They are carnivorous and feed on a wide variety of prey, including fish, crustaceans, and insects. Snakeheads have a well-developed sense of sight and can often be highly territorial and aggressive. Some snakeheads are popular food fish, while others are kept as aquarium fish. However, several species have also become invasive in non-native ecosystems, causing harm to biodiversity and the local economy of invaded regions [79].

Species 16: Channa punctatus, also known as the spotted snakehead is native to the Indian subcontinent, where it is found primarily in rivers, streams, and ponds. The fish has an elongated, cylindrical body with a flattened head and a large mouth filled with sharp teeth. Its body is typically olive or brownish in color, with dark brown spots covering the upper surface of the body and sides. The fish is a carnivore, feeding mainly on small fish, crustaceans, and insects. C. punctatus is known to be a hardy fish and can tolerate a range of environmental conditions, including low oxygen levels and high temperature. It is also a good swimmer, able to move quickly and gracefully through the water. C. punctatus is a popular food fish in many parts of its native range and is also kept as an aquarium fish [80, 81].

J. Family: Ambassidae

Ambassidae is a family of freshwater fish commonly known as the glassfish family. The body of Ambassidae is nearly completely transparent which allows their bones, organs, and even muscles to be visible. Most species are small fish, usually measuring less than 15 centimeters in length. Like most fish, they possess two dorsal fins, the first being larger than the second. Predominantly freshwater habitats. Mostly found in slow-moving freshwater, such as rivers, lakes or wetlands. They are primarily carnivorous and typically feed on smaller invertebrates, including zooplankton, insect larvae and small fish. The Glassfish are popular among aquarium enthusiasts due to their striking appearance and peaceful temperament. They are also sought after for their delicacy in some regions where they are native.

Species 17: Elongate glassyperchlet, also known as Chanda nama, is a small freshwater fish found in South and Southeast Asia. These fish are known for their elongated bodies, transparent appearance, and small size which is around 11 cm. They are popular among aquarium enthusiasts due to their unique appearance, peaceful temperament, and relatively low- maintenance needs. However, some species are occasionally consumed as food in certain regions where they are native. It inhabits freshwater ponds, canals, streams, and flooded rice fields. Abundant during the rainy season. Feeds on mosquito larvae and worms. Exhibit lepidophagy which means it also eats scales of other fishes. Considered useful for controlling malaria and parasites (Figure-6).

Figure 6: Figure represents the members of order Symbranchiformes and Perciformes. Mastacembelus pancalus belongs to family Mastacembelidae and order Symbranchiformes whereas Channa pnctatus belongs to family Channidae and Elongateglassy perchlet belongs to family Ambassidae. Both these families Channidae and Ambassidae belong to order Perciformes. Column one represents the name of the fish family. Second column represents name of fish species whereas pictures of the respective fishes are shown in the right most column.

K. Family: Chichlidae

The family Chichlidae is a diverse group of freshwater fish that includes over 1,600 species. Cichlids have well-developed teeth in their jaws. They can have either a single row of teeth on each jaw or multiple rows of teeth. Cichlids have a diverse range of body shapes and sizes. Some species like the angelfish have thin, disc-shaped body, while others like the Oscar have a more robust body with a large head. Brightly colored scales: Many species of Cichlids have vibrant and brightly colored scales that can be used for communication, courtship, and camouflage. Some Cichlid species are known for their aggressive behavior, especially during breeding and territorial disputes. Many Cichlid species display significant parental care, including nest-building, brood defense, and/or mouth- brooding. Most Cichlid species are omnivorous, feeding on a diet of plants, insects, small fish, and other organisms.

Species 18: Oreochromis niloticus has a lifespan of more than 10 years, found in freshwater rivers, streams, canal, lakes and ponds. Oreochromis niloticus, commonly known as Nile tilapia, is a freshwater fish species belonging to the family Cichlidae. The Nile tilapia is native to Africa and has also been introduced in many other parts of the world. It is an important species for aquaculture and food production, with a mild-tasting white flesh that is high in protein. Nile tilapia can grow up to 24 inches in length and can weigh up to 9.9 lbs. They have an elongated and slightly laterally compressed body, with a rounded head and a small, elongated mouth. The color of Nile tilapia is generally gray or greenish-brown, with black spots and vertical bars on their body and fins. Nile tilapia is an omnivorous species, feeding on a variety of plant and animal materials, including phytoplankton, zooplankton, aquatic plants, and insects. In aquaculture settings, they are typically fed commercial fish feeds that contain a mixture of plant and animal-based proteins. Nile tilapia is known for its rapid growth rate, ability to tolerate poor water quality conditions, and mild taste, which has made it a popular choice for aquaculture in many countries. Nile tilapia farming must be managed carefully to minimize environmental impacts.

Species 19: Oreochromis mossambicus has a life span of 11 years is a fresh water fish. Commonly known as Mozambique tilapia, is a freshwater fish species belonging to the family Cichlidae. It is native to southeastern Africa and is widely distributed in both freshwater and brackish environments. Mozambique tilapia is an important species of tropical aquaculture and is cultured in many parts of the world. Mozambique tilapia can grow up to 16 inches in length and can weigh up to 3.3 pounds. They have an elongated, slightly compressed body with a pointed snout and a small, terminal mouth. The colour of Mozambique tilapia varies depending on the environment and can range from dark green to brown or grey. Mozambique tilapia is an omnivorous species, feeding on a variety of plant and animal materials, including algae, plankton, and small invertebrates. In aquaculture, they are often fed commercial feeds that contain a high proportion of plant-based proteins. Mozambique tilapia is known for its hardiness and ability to tolerate a range of environmental conditions, including high salinity and low oxygen levels. As such, it has become an important species for aquaculture in many countries. However, as with other farmed fish species, Mozambique tilapia farming must be managed carefully to minimize environmental impacts.

Order 4: Osteoglossiformes

The Osteoglossiformes order is a group of freshwater fish species that are known for their bony tongues and primitive characteristics. The order includes about 250 species and is divided into two families: Arapaimidae (Arapaimas) and Osteoglossidae (Bony tongues). Members of the Osteoglossiformes order are widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics, with most species found in Africa, South America, and Southeast Asia. Many species are important food fishes and are also popular in the aquarium trade. Characteristic features of the Osteoglossiformes order include a primitive lung-like swim bladder, a bony tongue that is covered with teeth, and large scales. Fish species in this order have a long, narrow body shape and have a generally silvery or gray coloration. Some of the most notable species in the Osteoglossiformes order include Arapaima gigas (Giant Arapaima), Osteoglossum bicirrhosum (Silver Arowana), and Heterotis niloticus (Nile Perch). Some species, like the Arapaima, can grow up to 15 feet in length and can weigh over 400 lbs. Although many species in the Osteoglossiformes order have been heavily exploited for food and the aquarium trade, conservation efforts are underway to help protect and preserve these unique and fascinating fish species.

L. Family: Notopteridae

The Notopteridae family, also known as the featherback fish or knife-fish family, is a group of freshwater ray-finned fish. They are characterized by their elongated bodies and long dorsal fins that resemble a feather or a knife blade. These fish are found in Africa and Southeast Asia and are popular in the aquarium trade. They have elongated bodies, typically ranging from 30 to 100 centimeters in length, long dorsal fins that extend down the back and resemble either a feather or knife blade, smooth scales with a slimy texture and small, conical teeth in both upper and lower jaws. Some species have an electric organ near their anal fin which allows them to generate an electric field for sensory purposes. Members of this family are carnivorous and primarily feed on other fish and aquatic invertebrates. They are nocturnal and often found in areas with plenty of vegetation or structure to provide cover.

Species 20: Notopterus notopterus, also known as the Bronze featherback or Ompok, is a species of freshwater fish in the Notopteridae family. They are elongated and have a brown to bronze colored body with a slimy texture and large scales. Their dorsal fin is very distinctive in shape with long spines at the front of the fin followed by a fringe of smaller rays that resemble feathers or fins. Their anal fin is located at the very end of the body and has a similar shape to the dorsal fin. They feed on small fish, aquatic insects, worms, and crustaceans. They are native to South Asia and Southeast Asia, found in rivers and lakes that have slow-moving or standing water. Bronze feather back fish are nocturnal, often burrowing in the substrate or hiding in underwater vegetation during the day and coming out to feed at night (Figure-7).

Figure 7: Figure given above represents the members of orders Perciformes and Osteoglossiformes. Members Oreochromis niloticus and Oreochromis mossambicus are from family Chichlidae and order Perciformes. Notopterus notopterus belongs to family Notopteridae and order Osteoglossiformes. Pictures of the fishes are given in the right most column.

Order 5: Cypriniformes

This order contains over 3,000 species and is one of the largest fish orders. Members of this order are mostly freshwater fish, just a few fishes are brackish. They all have a single dorsal fin, which is located farther back on the body and lacks spines. Their mouths are small, toothless (except for a few species) and located on the underside of the head. Cypriniformes are omnivorous, feeding on a variety of things such as algae, insects, and small organisms. Many species of this order are very important as food sources for humans and are often farmed commercially. They exhibit a wide range of reproductive strategies from egg-scattering to mouth brooding. Examples of fishes in the Cypriniformes order include: carp, minnows, loaches, rasboras, danios, and barbs.

M. Family: Cyprinidae

Cyprinidae is the largest family of fish, with over 3,000 species distributed worldwide. Most species within this family are freshwater fishes, although a small number of species are found in brackish waters. They have a slender, torpedo-shaped body with a single dorsal fin that is located far back on the body. Cyprinids have small, toothless mouths that are located on the underside of the head, with a cartilage-based structure called the "rostral cap" that helps to crush food. They are generally herbivorous, feeding on algae, aquatic plants, and detritus, but some species are also omnivorous and feed on insects and other small animals. Many species within the family are used for human consumption, and some are also economically important as game fish or for their ornamental value in aquariums. Cyprinids are able to thrive in a wide range of habitats, from fast-moving rivers to still ponds and lakes. Some examples of fish in the Cyprinidae family include carp, minnows, dace, roach, and barbs (Table- 5).

Table 5: Table given below represents the members of order Cypriniformes. Members include Amblypharyngodon microlepis,  Changunis changunio, Esomos danricus, Labeo angra, Labeo bata, Labeo rohita, Megarasbora elonga, Barilius barna, Chela cachius, Puntius sophere, Osteobrama cotio and Lepidocephalichthys guntea. Table shows  comparative pH, Temp, habit and length of fishes. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) status of fishes mentioned as EN, Endangered; VU, Vulnerable; NT, Near threatened; LRnt, Low risk near threatened; NA, Not assessed.

Species 21: Amblypharyngodon microlepis, commonly known as the Perilampid barb or small-scale carp, is a species of freshwater fish in the family Cyprinidae. It is native to southeast Asia, specifically in the Mekong and Chao Phraya River basins. It has a torpedo-shaped body, a small, pointed head, and a small, inferior mouth. They are typically about 7-10 centimetres in length and have a greyish-brown dorsal side and a silver ventral side. They have few, small scales that are embedded in their skin rather than overlapping like in most other fish species. A. microlepis are omnivorous, feeding on a variety of small aquatic animals and plant matter. They are also relatively hardy and can adapt to a range of water conditions.

Species 22: Chagunius chagunio, commonly known as Chaguni or Indian Carp, is a freshwater fish species belonging to the family Cyprinidae. It is native to South Asia, predominantly found in the rivers of India and Bangladesh. Some general characteristics of C. chagunio include a sleek, cylindrical body that is brownish in colour and has a pointed snout with a small inferior mouth. They typically grow up to 40 centimetres in length and can weigh up to 1.5-2 kilograms. It is a herbivorous species, feeding mainly on plant matter such as algae, aquatic plants, and detritus. They are a popular food fish in South Asia and are also used as bait for sport fishing. In addition to their use as a food source and bait, they are also valued as an indicator species for water quality assessments in the region.

Species 23: Esomus danricus, commonly known as the Redline Torpedo or Danio Danrik, is a small freshwater fish species belonging to the family Cyprinidae. It is native to parts of South and Southeast Asia, including regions of India, Sri Lanka, and Myanmar. It is an elongated, fish with streamlined body that is silver to golden in colour with a distinct red stripe running from its snout to the base of its tail fin. They typically grow up to 7.5 centimetres in length and can live up to 3-4 years. E. danricus is an active schooling fish that prefers to live in fast-flowing streams and rivers with rocky or sandy substrates. They are omnivorous, feeding on a variety of small aquatic invertebrates, as well as algae and other plant matter. The Redline Torpedo is a popular aquarium fish due to its bright colours, hardiness, and ease of care. They are a peaceful species that can be housed with other small, non-aggressive fish in a community tank setting. The fish is utilized for larval control of mosquitoes to control diseases like malaria, dengue etc. [82].

Species 24: Labeo Angara is Herbivorous fresh water fish found in river, lakes and ponds. Commonly known as Angra labeo. This species is native to Asia continent and commonly found in countries like Pakistan, Nepal, Burma, Afghanistan and Bangladesh. This fish has been known to reach a maximum length of around 22 cm. Herbivorous by nature and found in river, lakes and ponds. Commercially important fishes for food and sport. Migratory fishes and therefore became rare in Bangladesh after construction of dam on Tinau River of Nepal otherwise it is common fish of least concern.

Species 25: Labeo Bata, also known as the Bata labeo, is a freshwater fish species found in South and Southeast Asia, including India, Nepal and Bangladesh. Some general characteristics of Labeo bata include a compact, elongated body that is silver in colour with a dark-colored dorsal side. They have a blunt snout and a relatively small mouth, and they can grow up to 50 cm in length and 1.5 kg in weight. It is an omnivorous fish that feeds on a variety of aquatic plants, insects, crustaceans, and small fish. They prefer to live in large rivers, ponds, and lakes with clean water and a sandy or rocky bottom. Labeo bata is considered an important commercial fish species in many parts of its native range, and it is also popular amongst anglers (Figure-8).

Figure 8: Figure given above represents 5 members of order Cypriniformes and family Cyprinidae. Members include Amblypharyngodon, microlepis, Changunius changunio, Esomos danricus, Labeo angra and Labeo bata.

Species 26: Labeo rohita is a freshwater fish species commonly found in South and Southeast Asia. Typically grows to about 1 meter in length and weigh up to 50 kg (110 lb). Elongated fish with a slightly curved body, a blunt snout, and an upturned mouth. Steel green above the lateral line, silvery-white below the lateral line, occasionally with black patches on its body. Feeds on aquatic plants, small crustaceans, and aquatic insects. Found in rivers, lakes, and other freshwater bodies with gentle to moderate currents and clear water. Spawn in shallow water at the onset of monsoons and may breed up to four times in a year. Economically important and demanded heavily in the market for its taste and nutritional value, which is rich in proteins, minerals and omega-3 fatty acids [83, 84].

Species 27: Megarasbora elanga, Rasboras are a group of small, peaceful freshwater fish that belong to the family Cyprinidae. They are native to various regions of Southeast Asia, including Indonesia, Thailand, and Malaysia. These fish are commonly kept in aquariums due to their vibrant colours and ease of care. Some general characteristics of rasboras include a streamlined body shape, brightly colored scales, and a relatively small mouth. They typically grow between 2.5 to 5 cm in length and live for about 2 to 4 years. Rasboras are schooling fish that can be housed together with other small, peaceful species in an aquarium. They feed mainly on small insects and crustaceans in the wild, but in an aquarium setting, they can be fed a diet of flake or pellet food along with occasional live or frozen foods such as bloodworms or brine shrimp.

Species 28: Barilius berna is a freshwater fish that belongs to the family Cyprinidae. Some of its general characteristics include a slender and elongated body shape that is typically olive green or brownish in colour with a silvery underside. They have a small head with a terminal, slightly oblique mouth and a narrow caudal peduncle. In terms of size, they generally reach a maximum length of around 15 centimetres (6 inches). They are known for being active swimmers and are commonly found in streams, rivers, and other freshwater habitats in India and Nepal.

Species 29: Chela chachius also known as the Silver hatchet chela is a species of freshwater fish that is native to South America. It has a silver and somewhat translucent body that is flattened laterally. They have a distinctive shape, with a pointed, arched dorsal fin that resembles a hatchet. The species typically grows to be 3-4 inches in length, although they can reach up to 5 inches at times. Primarily feed on insects and insect larvae floating on the water's surface. They are also known to eat small crustaceans and other small organisms. They are freshwater fish that can be found in the shallow waters of rivers, streams, and swamps in South America. They are very active and playful fish that enjoy swimming around and jumping out of the water. They are schooling fish and feel most comfortable in groups of six or more.

Species 30: Puntius sophore, also known as the spotted barb or sorubim is a freshwater fish that is commonly found in South Asian countries such as India, Pakistan, Nepal, and Bangladesh. It has a cigar-shaped body, with a deep belly and an arched back. Its dorsal surface is a mottled brownish-green colour, which is adorned with black spots, and its underbelly is silvery-white. Its fins are transparent or whitish in colour, and there may be a reddish-orange tint near the tail fin. It can grow up to 20 cm (8 in) in length. This fish feeds on a diet of insects, crustaceans, and other smaller aquatic organisms. P. sophore prefers freshwater habitats that are slightly alkaline. It is commonly found in slow-moving rivers, ponds, and lakes. It is a social fish that tends to form schools. It can also be quite active and likes to swim around in the open waters, especially during dawn and dusk. The breeding season for P.sophore occurs during the monsoon season in India (typically from June to September). The female lays sticky eggs on submerged vegetation, and both parents help to care for the eggs and newly hatched fry [85].

Species 31: Osteobrama cotio is a species of freshwater fish found in parts of Asia, including India, Nepal, and Bangladesh. It typically grows up to 20-25 centimetres in length and prefers small to medium-sized rivers with rocky or sandy substrates. Feeds on insects, crustaceans, and small fishes. Slender and elongated body with a deep belly, concave head, and a terminal mouth (Figure-9). Dorsal surface is greyish-green in colour, while the ventral side is silvery-white. The fish usually forms shoals and is an active swimmer. Spawning occurs during the monsoon season in fast flowing rivers and streams [86, 87].

Figure 9: Figure given above represents 5 members of order Cypriniformes and family Cyprinidae. Members include Megarasbora elanga, Barilius berna, Chela chachinus, Puntius sophore, and Osteobrama cotio.

Species 32: Raiamus guttatus, also known as the White- spotted Frogfish, is a fascinating fish with unique features. They have incredible ability to blend into its surroundings. It has a fleshy, warty appearance with various colour variations, including shades of yellow, brown, and white, allowing it to mimic its environment and ambush prey. This fish has modified pectoral fins that resemble legs, which it uses to "walk". These fins are also used to anchor itself to a substrate, providing stability while waiting for prey. It has a large, expandable mouth that can engulf prey almost as big as itself [88-90]. It uses a unique appendage called an "illicium" or "fishing rod" to attract prey. The illicium has a fleshy lure at the end, resembling a small fish or worm, which the frogfish uses to entice its unsuspecting victims. The White-spotted Frogfish can grow up to 10 centimetres in length, with a stocky body and a large head. Its body shape allows it to remain stable on the floor, even in strong currents. Like other frogfish species, the Raiamus guttatus has a unique reproductive strategy. The male releases sperm into the water, and the female collects it in her body. She then lays a gelatinous mass of eggs, which the male fertilizes externally. The eggs hatch into tiny larvae that float in the water until they develop into juvenile frogfish.

Species 33: Puntius chola, commonly known as the Chola Barb or Clown Barb, is a small freshwater fish found in South Asia. The Chola Barb has a striking appearance with vibrant colours. It typically has a golden or silver body with black vertical stripes running along its sides. The fins are usually red or orange, adding to its overall beauty. The Chola Barb is a relatively small fish, reaching an average length of around 5-7 centimetres. This makes it suitable for smaller aquariums or community tanks. These fish are known for their active and social nature. They thrive in groups, so it's recommended to keep them in schools of at least six individuals. They are peaceful and can coexist with other peaceful fish species. The Chola Barb is an omnivore, meaning it eats both plant matter and small invertebrates. In captivity, they can be fed a varied diet consisting of high-quality flakes, pellets, frozen or live foods like brine shrimp or bloodworms, and even some vegetable matter. Breeding Chola Barbs can be challenging, but not impossible. They are egg-scatterers, meaning they release eggs into the water, which are then fertilized by the male. To encourage breeding, it's important to provide them with suitable hiding spots and slightly acidic water conditions. In the wild, Chola Barbs are found in slow-moving rivers, streams, and ponds with vegetation. They prefer well- oxygenated water and appreciate the presence of plants in their aquarium. Overall, the Chola Barb is a beautiful and active fish that can bring life and colour to any freshwater aquarium [91, 92].

Species 34: Cirrhinus reba, commonly known as the Reba carp, is a freshwater fish species found in Southeast Asia. The Reba carp has an elongated body with a slightly flattened shape. It typically has a silvery-grey coloration with scales along its body. The average size of the Cirrhinus Reba fish is around 20-30 centimetres, although larger individuals can reach up to 40 centimetres in length. This species is primarily found in rivers, lakes, and reservoirs in countries like Thailand, Cambodia, Vietnam, and Laos. It prefers slow- moving or still waters with abundant vegetation. The Reba carp is omnivorous, feeding on a variety of food sources. Its diet includes small aquatic organisms, algae, plant matter, and even insects. Cirrhinus reba is known for being a peaceful and social fish. It usually forms shoals with other individuals and tends to be active during the day. During the breeding season, which typically occurs during the rainy season, the Reba carp migrates to flooded areas to spawn. They lay their eggs among aquatic plants, and both male and female fish participate in parental care [93, 94].

Species 35: Cyprinus carpio, commonly known as the carp fish, is a freshwater fish species that belongs to the family Cyprinidae. Carps can grow to varying sizes, but they typically range from 12 to 24 inches in length, with some larger species capable of reaching up to 47 inches. They have a relatively elongated body, with a stocky appearance. Their body is generally covered with large scales. The coloration of carps can vary depending on their habitat and specific species. Common carp, for example, are typically olive-green or brassy in color, with a golden hue on their sides. They may also have darker spots or blotches. One of the distinguishing features of carps is there four barbels located on the upper lip. These sensory organs help them locate food in muddy or murky waters. Carps have a single dorsal fin located towards the posterior end of their body. This fin helps in stability and maneuverability while swimming. Carps are omnivorous, feeding on a variety of plant matter, insects, crustaceans, and small fish. They use their pharyngeal teeth, located at the back of their throats, to crush and grind their food. Carps are adaptable fish and can thrive in various freshwater habitats like ponds, lakes, rivers, and even slow-moving water bodies. They prefer areas with vegetative cover and a soft bottom substrate(Figure-10). Carps reproduce by laying adhesive eggs on submerged vegetation or other objects. They undergo external fertilization, where the male releases sperm to fertilize the eggs after they are laid [95, 96].

Figure 10: Figure given below represents 4 members of order Cypriniformes and family Cyprinideae. Members include Raiamus guttatus, Puntius chola, Cirrhinus reba and Cyprinus carpio.

N. Family: Cobitidae

Cobitidae is a family of freshwater fish commonly known as loaches or river loaches. Loaches have a slender, elongated body with a pointed head and a small mouth. They vary in coloration and pattern, but often have a mottled or spotted appearance, and may have whisker-like sensory barbels around their mouth. Loaches can range in size from just a few centimetres (such as the pygmy loach) to more than 30 centimetres (such as the giant river loach). Loaches can be found in freshwater habitats such as rivers, streams, ponds, and lakes, as well as in certain coastal marine habitats. They prefer the bottoms of water bodies, and may inhabit areas with rocky or sandy bottoms, or be found hiding among aquatic vegetation. Omnivorous by nature, feeding on a variety of aquatic organisms such as small aquatic insects, crustaceans, algae, and even fish eggs or small fish. Generally bottom- dwelling fish that are well-adapted to life in freshwater environments. Some can be quite active and playful, while others tend to be more reclusive. Some species are known to have complex social behaviours, and may form schools or shoals. Reproduction varies widely among the different species in the family Cobitidae, but most lay eggs which are usually deposited or attached to vegetation. Some species exhibit parental care with males guarding eggs or newly hatched fry [97].

Species 36: Lepidocephalichthys guntea, also known as the Guntea loach, is a freshwater fish found in several countries of South and Southeast Asia, including India, Bangladesh, Myanmar (Burma), and Thailand. They have a slender body with a flattened shape. The colour of their body is usually dark brown to blackish and sometimes having whitish spots. The head is large and has a flattened cystic shape. The average size of this fish species is around 7-8 cm in length. They usually inhabit shallow, fast-moving, and rocky rivers and streams with clear water. It can also be found in springs, rivulets, and hill streams. They prefer to live under rocks and logs with slow-moving water. The Guntea loach feeds on small invertebrates, plant debris, and fish eggs. They are nocturnal active at night and hiding during the day. They are known to be peaceful fish and they school with their own species. They spawn during the monsoon season.

Order 6: Anguilliformes

Anguilliformes is an order of ray-finned fish that includes eels found in both marine and freshwater environments. They are long elongated, snake-like fishes that lack pelvic and pectoral fins, or have reduced fins. Dorsal fin is continuous with the anal fin, which runs along the entire length of the fish. There are no scales on the skin surface (Table-6). Their skin often secretes slimy mucus for protection. Fishes of this order are carnivorous, with a diet that may include fish, crustaceans and other small aquatic animals. Most species are bottom- dwellers, living in crevices and under rocks, while some species are pelagic and can swim in open water. Some species are capable of significant migrations, traveling thousands of kilometres for breeding purposes. Eels can be commercially valuable, with some species being used for their meat or for aquarium trade.

Table 6: Table given below represents the members of order Anguilliformes. Family Anguillidae, member Anguilla bengalensis, Order Clupeiformes, Family Clupeidae, member Gadusia chapra, Order Anabantiformes, Family Osphronemidae, member Trichogaster labiosa, Order Gobiformes, Family Gobidae member Glosso gobius giuris and Order Beloniformes, Family Belonidae, member Strongylura fluviatilis. Table shows  comparative pH, Temp, habit and length of fishes. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) status of fishes mentioned as EN, Endangered; VU, Vulnerable; NT, Near threatened; LRnt, Low risk near threatened; NA, Not assessed and LC, Least concerned.

O. Family: Anguillidae

Anguillidae is a family of freshwater and saltwater fish commonly known as eels. Eels have an elongated, snake-like shape with a slender body that lacks pelvic fins. They tend to be grey or brown in colour, with a slimy, smooth skin that lacks scales. They have a small head with a terminal mouth that is distinguished by a prominent upper jaw. Eels can vary in size, from small species less than 20 cm in length (such as the Japanese eel), to larger species that can exceed 1 meter in length (such as the European eel). Eels can be found in a variety of aquatic habitats, from freshwater streams, rivers, and lakes to coastal and open ocean regions. They tend to prefer environments with low to moderate current flow, and may inhabit rocky or sandy bottoms or hide beneath vegetation or in crevices. Carnivorous by nature and feed on a variety of aquatic animals such as fish, crustaceans, and aquatic insects. Some species are known to hunt and scavenge at night, while others feed on small prey in the sediment. Eels are known for their impressive ability to swim long distances and navigate through complex ecosystems. Some eel species are catadromous, meaning they spend most of their life in freshwater but migrate to seawater for spawning. Others are anadromous and live in seawater but migrate to freshwater for spawning. Eels have a unique life cycle in which they begin life as leptocephalus larvae that drift in the oceans before transforming into juvenile eels, commonly known as glass eels, which migrate into freshwater rivers. Some species are considered to be catadromous, whereas other eel species are known for their spawning hydrothermal vents in the deep sea that are only accessible by submarine.

Species 37: Anguilla bengalensis, also known as the Indian mottled eel, is a species of freshwater eel that is native to South and Southeast Asia. The Indian mottled eel has an elongated, snake-like body that is covered in a mottled pattern of dark brown or black spots on a light brown or yellowish background. It has a small head with a terminal mouth and a single long dorsal fin that runs most of the length of its body. This species can grow up to 80 cm (31 inches) in length, with a maximum weight of around 1 kg (2.2 lbs). The Indian mottled eel can be found in freshwater habitats such as rivers, streams, and ponds, as well as in certain coastal marine habitats such as mangrove forests. It prefers areas with slow-moving or stagnant water and a lot of vegetation, and can often be found hiding in muddy or weedy bottoms. The Indian mottled eel is a carnivorous fish, feeding on a variety of aquatic animals such as small fish, crustaceans, and insects. This species is mostly nocturnal and spends most of the day hiding in crevices or among aquatic vegetation. It is known for its ability to travel long distances overland, using its body to slither across damp terrain in search of new habitats. Little is known about the reproductive behavior of the Indian mottled eel, but like other members of the family Anguillidae, it is thought to be a catadromous species that migrates to the ocean to spawn.

Order 7: Clupeiformes

Clupeiformes is an order of ray-finned fishes that includes herring, shad, sardines, and anchovies. Body relatively elongated and laterally compressed. Single dorsal fin, located posteriorly on the body. Adipose fin absent. Pelvic fin abdominal and without spines. Gills with long and slender gill rakers. Usually a silver-colored body covered in small scales. Mouth is terminal and they feed on small planktonic organisms [98].

P. Family: Clupeidae

The Clupeidae family is a group of fish that includes many important species such as herring, shad, and sardines. Fishes of this family are small to medium in size, typically ranging from 20-40 cm in length. They have silvery scales and streamlined bodies to help with swimming in schools. Migration wise they are Anadromous, meaning they migrate from the sea to freshwater to spawn. Considered important as commercial and food fish species, due to their high abundance and nutritional value. Typically found in coastal waters and estuaries, but some species may inhabit freshwater habitats.

Species 38: Gudusia chapra, also known as Indian River shad or gangetic leporinus, is a small freshwater fish found in rivers and streams of India, Nepal, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. These fishes are small in size, typically about 15-20 cm in length. They have elongated and cylindrical body shape, with a pointed snout and small eyes. Dark greyish-brown colour on the back, and a lighter shade on the belly. Smooth scales and no barbels. By nature they are carnivorous, preying on small fish and crustaceans. Important food fish for local communities, due to its high protein content and availability (Figure-11). Breeds throughout the year in the rivers and flooded fields, with breeding activities peaking in the monsoon season [99].

Figure 11: Figure given above represents the members of orders Cypriniformes, Anguilliformes, and Clupeiformes. Members include Lepidocephalichthys guntea belonging to family Cobitidae and order Cypriniformes. Anguilla bengalensis belonging to order Anguilliformes and family Anguillidae and Gadusia chapra belonging to order Clupeiformes and family Clupeidae. Pictures of the fishes are given in the right most column.

Order 8: Anabantiformes

Anabantiformes is an order of ray-finned fishes that includes labyrinth fishes, such as the popular aquarium species Betta splendens (also known as Siamese fighting fish). These fishes usually have a compressed and elongated body. They possess a unique organ called a labyrinth organ, which allows them to breathe air directly from the surface. Most species are small, and some are less than 1 inch (2.5 cm) in length. Inhabits freshwater environments, mostly in tropical and subtropical regions. They are fairly short-lived fishes, with most species living up to around 4 years.

Q. Family: Osphronemidae

Osphronemidae is a family of freshwater fishes belonging to the order Anabantiformes. This family includes popular aquarium species such as gouramis, bettas, and snakeheads. Many species possess a labyrinth organ, which allows them to breathe air from the surface of the water. Species within this family are generally peaceful, but some territorial species such as the Betta splendens can be aggressive with their own kind if housed in small spaces. Many species within this family exhibit beautiful colours and patterns, which make them popular among aquarium enthusiasts. They are omnivores, and their diets in the wild include both animal and plant matter. Osphronemidae are found in freshwater habitats such as rivers, ponds, and swamps mostly in Asia [100].

Species 39: Trichogaster labiosa (commonly known as Thick- lipped Gourami) is a species of gourami fish. They are small, typically growing up to 10 cm (4 inches) in length. Thick-lipped Gouramis have a compressed and elongated body with a flattened head and possess a distinctive blue-black mask on their face, with a yellow-golden body. They are peaceful, and non-aggressive, making them an ideal community fish in the aquarium hobby. Omnivoresby nature, they feed on insects, small invertebrates, and plant matter. They can be found in freshwater streams, ponds, and rivers throughout Southeast Asia, Especially in Thailand, Laos, Cambodia and Vietnam habitats.

Order 9: Gobiiformes

Most species of Gobiiformes are tiny fish, usually measuring less than 10 cm in length. They all have flattened bodies that help them easily navigate through small crevices and cracks in the substrate. Mainly found on the bottoms of bodies of water such as streams, rivers, estuaries, and seafloors. Two dorsal fins and one anal fin: most Gobies have two dorsal fins, with the second one being long and spine-like. They also possess a single anal fin, which is usually large. Most species of Gobiiformes have either very small scales or are entirely scaleless. They all possess relatively large eyes, which they use to locate prey and avoid predators. They are unique diverse and fascinating group of fish.

R. Family: Gobiidae

The family Gobiidae is a diverse group of small, bottom- dwelling fish that are found in both marine and freshwater environments. They have elongate bodies with a depressed head and ventrally-placed mouth. They have two dorsally- located dorsal fins, with the first dorsal fin often being spiny. They typically have large, well-developed pectoral fins. They are often brightly colored and may have intricate patterns or markings. Some species are able to breathe air and may be able to survive in low-oxygen environments. They are usually very small, with most species being less than 10 cm in length.

Species 40: Glossogobius giuris, also known as the giuris goby or mud goby, is a member of the family Gobiidae.

They have a cylindrical, elongated body with a depressed head and a slightly pointy snout. They range in size from 10-20 cm in length. They are usually brown or olive green in colour, with a paler belly. They have two dorsal fins, the first of which is spiny and the second soft. They have large pectoral fins that help them move around on the bottom. They are capable of breathing air and can survive in low- oxygen environments. They are typically found in brackish or freshwater environments, such as rivers, swamps, and ponds. They are omnivorous, feeding on a variety of aquatic invertebrates, small fish, and algae [101].

Order 10: Beloniformes

Beloniformes is an order of ray-finned fishes that contains a number of families, including the famously long-nosed needlefish, as well as the halfbeaks, which have elongated lower jaws. They are usually streamlined and torpedo-shaped, with elongated jaws, which in some members can be quite long and narrow. They are generally small to medium-sized, rarely exceeding 1 meter in length, and some species are much smaller. Beloniformes are found in both marine and freshwater environments worldwide. They are carnivorous and feed mainly on small fish, crustaceans, and planktonic organisms. They have a single dorsal fin located near the tail, which may be quite large in some members. They have a relatively small anal fin located behind the anus. Their caudal fin can vary from being forked to being highly elongated, depending on the species. Some members of the order Beloniformes are prized game fish, while others are important as commercial and bait species.

S. Family: Belonidae

The family Belonidae is a group of ray-finned fish within the order Beloniformes. The members of the family have a long, slender, and torpedo-shaped body. They have a tapered snout, which is elongated into a beak-like structure in some species. Their jaws are lined with sharp teeth. They have a single long dorsal fin spanning almost the entire length of the body, with a few exceptions. Their anal fins and pelvic fins are situated close to the tail. They are found in both freshwater and marine environments of tropical and temperate regions worldwide. Some species of Belonidae are known for their ability to jump and leap out of the water in order to avoid capture. They are a predatory species, feeding mainly on small fish, crustaceans, and aquatic insects. Some members of the family, such as the needlefish, serve as food and sport fish, while others are used as bait [102].

Species 41: Strongylura fluviatilis, commonly known as the freshwater needlefish. The freshwater needlefish has an elongated, slender body shape with a pointed, beak-like snout. They have a dorsal fin that runs almost the entire length of the body. The coloration of the freshwater needlefish is generally a dark bluish-gray on the back and upper sides, with a lighter, silvery underbelly. They can grow up to 70 cm (27 inches) in length, but typically only reach around 30 cm (12 inches). They are typically found in freshwater environments such as rivers, lakes, and ponds. Freshwater needlefish are carnivorous and eat mainly smaller fish and occasionally aquatic insects or crustaceans (Figure -12). They are excellent jumpers and use this ability as a predator defense mechanism. The species is known to exhibit cannibalistic behaviour, particularly adults preying on juveniles [103].

Figure 12: Figure given above represents the members of orders Anabantiformes, Gobiiformes, and Beloniformes. Members include Trichogaster labiosa belonging to family Osphronemidae and order Anabantiformes. Glosso gobius giuris belonging to family Gobiidae and order Gobiiformes and Strongylura fluviatilis belonging to order Beloniformes and family Belonidae. Pictures of the fishes are given in the right most column.

Conclusion

Freshwater fish biodiversity in dams can be complex and can vary greatly depending on multiple factors, including physical and ecological attributes of the dam and its surroundings, as well as the species that may have been introduced into the environment. Dams have been shown to impact fish populations in different ways, often leading to changes in both the number and diversity of fish species present. This may be due to altered flow regimes, changes to the water temperature, or the presence of pollutants. However, with proper management practices and a focus on conservation efforts, freshwater fish biodiversity in dam environments can be maintained and even enhanced. By understanding the specific characteristics of the environment and the fish species that inhabit it, measures may be taken to protect the ecosystem and many of the unique and valuable fish species that call it home. This review cum article outlines all the studies done till date on diversity and water quality of the Indrapuri Dam located in Rohtas district of Bihar. We observed that species from two families i.e. Schilbeidae and Cyprinidae were more abundant indicating that the quality of water is favourable for their growth. These fishes also have greater capacity to adapt to changing environmental conditions. Significant debility in the distribution of some fish species could be due to pollution, habitat loss, and changes in environmental conditions, illegal fishing, water abstraction, siltation and/or invasion of exotic species, eutrophication, overexploitation and over-harvesting as food fish, ornamental trade, and sport. Due to hybridization with closely related and fast spreading newly introduced species, a rapid drop in the population of the species can be predicted. All of these variables have the potential to result in significant inland fish population decreases. As a result, several species' distributional ranges have reduced dramatically in recent decades, limiting them to only a few small regions. Within species, salmonids are the most vulnerable, whereas cyprinids are somewhat more resistant; within life stages, older fish are more resistant than younger fish. The overall condition of health of the fish, as well as the state of feeding off early fry, are also crucial, as is the impact of the aquatic medium's water quality attributes on toxicity. We found that the number of fish species in the dam has increased in comparison to the ones reported earlier. We found 41 freshwater fish species that belonged to 10 orders and 19 families in this study as compared to 25 fish species that belonged to 5 orders and 12 families. Thus we conclude that the biodiversity in the dam is increasing and environment is healthy enough to support healthy growth of fishes. Not only that it perhaps provided more of habitat types and leads to increase in biodiversity eventually.

Acknowledgements

Authors thank Zoology Department of Patna Science College and Patna University for all support provided.

Conflict of Interests

Authors declare no conflict of interest.

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