Research Article - Journal of Fisheries Research (2023) Volume 7, Issue 6

Freshwater Fish biodiversity of Indrapuri Dam, Rohtas, Bihar.

Babita Sharma^1*, Ambiya Khatoon¹, Manoj Kumar Jaiswal²

¹Zoology Department, Patna Science College, Patna University, Patna 800005, Bihar, India

²Zoology Department, C.M.P. Degree College, University of Allahabad, Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh, India

*Corresponding Author:

Babita Sharma
Zoology Department, Patna Science College
Patna University, Patna 800005, Bihar, India
E-mail: babita2005@gmail.com

Received:-03-Dec-2023, Manuscript No. aajfr-23-125143; Editor assigned: 04-Dec-2023, PreQC No. aajfr-23- 125143(PQ); Reviewed: 18-Dec-2023, QC No.aajfr-23-125143; Revised: 22-Dec-2023, Manuscript No. aajfr-23- 125143(R); Published: 31-Dec-2023, DOI: 10.35841/aajfr-7.6.177

Citation: Sharma B, Khatoon A, Jaiswal M. Freshwater Fish biodiversity of Indrapuri Dam, Rohtas, Bihar.J Fish Res. 2023;7(6):177

Abstract

This study focuses on freshwater fish biodiversity of a dam, a topic of great interest and importance in ecology and conservation biology. Complex interactions between the physical and ecological factors of dam environments can dramatically impact the fish populations they support. Dams alter the flow regime, reduce access to habitats, change water temperatures, and may introduce pollutants, all of which can lead to changes in freshwater fish populations. Dams can also be a source of novelty environments that host unique species assemblages, including the introduction of exotic species and the creation of novel habitats, such as rivers being converted into reservoirs or dams creating warm water outlets. Effective management practices, including the restoration of habitat connectivity and focusing on conservation efforts, can positively impact fish populations in dam environments, enhance the fish biodiversity, and help to preserve and restore the natural environment. Our biodiversity study summarizes the work done in this direction till date on Indrapuri Dam of Rohtas district in Bihar, India along with its comparison to data collected by us. Our aim here is to know how diversity is changing in this dam over the years. We found 41 freshwater fish species in this dam belonging to 19 families and 10 orders in this study as compared to 25 fish species belonging to 12 families and 5 orders reported 7 years back. In comparison to previous studies we found an increase in biodiversity of fishes in the dam

 Keywords

Freshwater fish biodiversity, Anthropogenic effects and Indrapuri dam.

Introduction

Dam pose threats to freshwater fish biodiversity in various ways as other factors like global warming. Impact of dams is way more than any other factors and is predictable and pressing on fishes [1]. It is important to take care of our water bodies in order to sustain the needs of our growing population. We use water for different purposes like irrigation, human consumption, industrial consumption and more. Most of these activities reduce the quality of our water bodies. Our study area for this study is the Indrapuri Barrage (also known as the Sone Barrage) which spans the Sone River in Rohtas district of Bihar. It is world’s 4th largest barrage measuring 1,407 meters (4,616 feet) in length. The Sone River flows east-northeast through Uttar Pradesh, Jharkhand, and Bihar and finally joins the river Ganges before Danapur, Patna. It’s construction began in the 1960s and was completed in 1968. Anicut over the Sone at Dehri was built in 1873-74, making it one of the country's oldest irrigation systems. Fishes are the keystone species of ecosystems that help in determining the distribution and diversity of other creatures. They are excellent markers of the ecosystem's health and water quality. Our country has a diverse fish biodiversity with over 2,200 fish species, and is ranked ninth in terms of freshwater mega biodiversity [2] and a large amount of freshwater fish output still relies on wild population catch [3]. 11% of total 21730 fish species are found in Indian waters [4]. Scientific description of 24,600 extant fish species are available and they are divided into 482 families and 57 orders [5]. The initial evaluation, classified 46 freshwater fish species as endangered in India [6], the second review covered 320 freshwater fish species, with 43 being classified as severely endangered, 90 as endangered, and 81 as vulnerable [7]. Meanwhile, a recent evaluation for central India (Madhya Pradesh, Chhattisgarh, and Rajasthan) found 168 fish species, 41 of which were classified as endangered (24.40 %) [8]. All this data indicates towards the deteriorating quality of water which ultimately leaves the freshwater fishes vulnerable. We aim to find out how biodiversity in Indrapuri Dam area is changing through the years.

Methodology

Conserving fish species is possible only after identifying them correctly. For identifying correct scientific names web resources like Fish Base (www.fishbase.org) and Eschmeyer Catalog of Fishes were used. Following types of characters were taken into consideration:

Morphological Characters: Refer to the physical features of an organism that are related to its form, structure and appearance. These characteristics include aspects such as body shape, size, coloration, presence of appendages or organs and other observable physical attributes [9,10].

Morphometric Characters: Refer to the quantitative measurements which were measured by calipers or rulers.

Meristic Characters: Are quantitative traits that describe the countable features of an organism. 1. Number of fin rays: Different species have specific number of rays in their fins (dorsal fin, pectoral fins, and anal fin). These numbers can vary between individuals and populations, but they are typically consistent within a species. 2. Number of vertebrae: The number of vertebrae is another meristic characteristic used to differentiate between fish species. This count can vary between species and can be used as an identification feature. 3. Number of gill rakers: different species have a specific number of gill rakers on their gill arches. These structures help filter food particles from the water. 4. Number of scales: The number of scales along the lateral line or on the body is another meristic character that can vary between individuals and populations. These meristic characteristics, along with the morphological characteristics mentioned earlier, help researchers differentiate between and understand the unique traits of each species [11-13].

Descriptive Characters: Are used to describe the physical appearance, coloration, shape of the body, presence or absence of certain fins, color patterns, scales, and other distinctive features (Figure-1).

Figure 1: (A) Represents the morphological characters that are used for identification and characterization of fishes. Morphological characters tell us about the aspects of body form. Given above is a sample diagram that introduces us to all standard terms related to morphological identification. (B) represents meristic characters used for identification and characterization of fishes. Meristic characters tell us about the serially repeated and countable traits. Given above is a sample diagram that introduces us to all standard terms related to morphological and meristic characters for fish identification.

Fish diversity of Indrapuri Dam

Though fishes include Agnatha (jawless fishes), Chondrichthyes (Sharks and Rays), Sarcopterygii (lobe finned fishes) and Actinopterygii (the bony or Ray finned fishes) we will focus on freshwater bony fishes only. Out of total 32500 marine and freshwater species, 11952 are freshwater (Helfman et. al. 2009). Any discrepancies in naming and classification were dealt by International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (ICZN). The purpose of this study is to determine the current state of freshwater fish biodiversity of the Indrapuri Dam, Bihar, India. Earlier studies suggest that Indrapuri Dam had 25 fish species belonging to 12 families and 5 orders [14, 15]. We found more species that we are adding here. We did identification and morphological characterization of the 10 orders, 19 families and 41 freshwater fish species that are found in the dam. All these fishes are bony fishes belonging to class Osteichthyes. Further they are members of subclass Actinopterygii, commonly known as ray finned fishes. They comprise 50% of the living vertebrates. 99% fishes belong to this subclass and infraclass Teleostei, commonly known as bony fishes. The table below represents classification of the freshwater fishes we found in Indrapuri dam (Table -1).

Table-1: Types of fish species found in Indrapuri Dam. The table represents the freshwater bony fishes that were found in the dam. We found fishes belonging to 10 orders (Siluriformes, Symbranchiformes, Perciformes, Cypriniformis, osteoglossiformes, Anguilliformes, Clupeiformes, Anabantiformes, Gobiiformes and Beloniformes), 19 families and 41 species.

Order 1: Siluriformes

Fishes of this order are generally known as catfishes. Most species of this order have a flattened head and wide mouth with bony plates instead of teeth. They typically have smooth, scaleless skin, although some have bony plates or spines embedded in their skin. Nearly all species have some form of barbels or sensory organs around their mouth which they use to locate food. Catfishes are primarily freshwater fishes, although some species live in brackish or saltwater habitats [16, 17]. Many catfish species are important food fish and are cultivated in fisheries around the world. Some also have a reputation for being nocturnal scavengers and can be found in aquariums. Some catfish can grow to very large sizes, such as the Mekong giant catfish, which is one of the largest freshwater fish in the world, weighing up to 600 pounds. We found 14 fish species belonging to 7 families from this order in the selected sites of Indrapuri Dam (Table-2).

Table-2: Table represents a comparative account of 5 families of order Siluriformes that we found in Indrapuri Dam. Mystus bleekeri, Mystus tengara and Rita Rita were the three members  found belonging to family Bagridae, Clarias batracus from family Clariidae, Hara jerdoni from family Eresthistidae, Heteropneustes heteropneustes from family Hetropneustidae and pangasius pangasius from family Pangasiidae were found. Table shows comparative pH, Temperature, habit and length of fishes along with International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) status of fishes mentioned as EN, Endangered; VU, Vulnerable; NT, Near threatened; LRnt, Low risk near threatened; NA, Not assessed and LC,Least concerned.

A. Family: Bagridae

It is a family of catfishes found in both freshwater and brackish water habitats. Most members of are native to Asia, but some species are also found in Africa. They have smooth, scaleless skin that is often slimy or mucous-covered. Often, they have a long adipose fin that extends along the length of their body, from just behind the dorsal fin to the caudal fin [18-20]. Another distinctive feature of Bagrid catfish is the presence of a bony plate on their pectoral fin spine, which they use for defense against predators [21].They are typically bottom-dwelling fishes, using their sensitive barbels to locate prey, and preying on a variety of small invertebrates and fish [22]. Many species of Bagrid catfish are popular food fish, and are also kept as aquarium fish due to their typically hardy nature. Bagrid catfishes are commonly known as naked catfishes as they are devoid of scales. Omnivorous, easy to rear and not fussy as eaters. Larger ones are used as food mainly and sometimes kept as aquarium fishes. Mystus name was derived from word Mystax meaning “whiskered” used by Belon in 1553 to describe all fishes with whiskers. These whiskers/barbels that are four in number are covered by a layer of taste bud enriched epithelium. We found following fishes belonging to this family in our dam [23, 24].

Species 1: Mystus bleekeri, commonly known as the Bleeker's catfish or Blue eye catfish, is a species of catfish belonging to the family Bagridae. These fishes are found in rivers, streams, and lakes throughout Southeast Asia, including India, Nepal, Myanmar, and Thailand. The body of Mystus bleekeri is elongated and slender, with a silvery white coloration. They have a prominent adipose fin that extends almost all the way to the base of the tail. The eyes of this species are a striking blue color, which is where they get the common name ''Blue Eye Catfish." Mystus bleekeri are hardy and adaptable fish. They typically grow to be around 6-8 inches in length when kept in captivity. They need plenty of hiding places and a varied diet to stay healthy. They are also known for being sociable and often do well in groups.

Species 2: Mystus tengara, locally known as Singora is a freshwater striped catfish having high nutritional value. This fish is cultured by small scale fishermen these are oviparous and eat aquatic invertebrates and small fishes. These fish are found in freshwater habitats throughout South Asia, including Bangladesh, Myanmar and northeastern India. Mystus tengara gets its name from the Bengali word "tanager," which means the pattern of bricks on a wall, as it has a mottled brick-red coloration on its body. They have a relatively slender body shape, with a slightly forked tail and stout barbels. They also have a long adipose fin, which is a distinguishing feature of catfish. These fish are primarily bottom-dwellers, where they feed on a variety of invertebrates, small fish, and plant matter. Mystus tengara is known to be a hardy species, which is why it is popular in the aquarium trade. In captivity, it reaches a maximum size of around 16 cm (6 inches). The lifespan of these catfish can vary but it is typically around 8-10 years [25-28].

Species 3: Rita rita, a fresh water, brackish and demersal fishes living close to the floor of the water body. They are sluggish and bottom dwelling fishes that feed on small fishes, crustaceans, insect as well as on decaying organic matter. Rita rita, also known as the Rita catfish or Rita pabo, is a species of catfish belonging to the family Bagridae. These fish are found in freshwater systems throughout South Asia, including the Ganges-Brahmaputra river basin. The body of Rita rita is elongated and cylindrical, with a brownish-black coloration and lighter colored undersides. They have a large head with prominent, barbels, and a distinctly "cat-like" appearance. They are also known for their sharp, serrated spines, located on their pectoral fins, which can be used for defense [29]. These catfish are primarily bottom-dwellers and feed on a variety of aquatic invertebrates, small fish, and plant matter other small aquatic animals. They inhabit fast-flowing streams and can tolerate a wide range of water conditions. In captivity, Rita rita can grow up to 65 cm (26 inches) in length. Rita rita is prized for its meat and is an important food source for many communities living in the regions where they are found [30, 31]. They are also sometimes kept in aquariums, but due to their large size, they require a very large tank that can accommodate their active swimming lifestyle.

B. Family: Clariidae

These fishes are capable of taking oxygen directly from are the air by the help of their Labyrinth organ. Found in fresh water rivers, muddy water canals and ditches. Clariidae is a family of freshwater catfish commonly known as the air-breathing catfish or the walking catfish [32]. They are found in freshwater systems throughout Southeast Asia, Africa, and parts of the Middle East. One of the distinguishing features of the Clariidae family is the presence of a lung which allows them to breathe air, using a modified swim bladder. This adaptation allows them to survive in poorly oxygenated or stagnant waters and even survive out of water for short periods. Clariidae catfish have a narrow, elongated body with a large, flattened head and a pair of long, barbels protruding from their mouths. They have an assortment of different color patterns ranging from light to dark brown, with spotty, blotchy, or striped scales. These catfish are primarily nocturnal, and they feed on insects, crustaceans, and small fishes [33, 34]. They can also survive on plant matter and detritus when their primary food source is scarce. In captivity, many species of Clariidae are quite popular as they are hardy and do well in aquariums. They are also used for food, particularly in Southeast Asia. We found only Clarias batracus from this family in our dam (Figure-2).

Figure 2: Figure represents the members of order Siluriformes and family Bagridae. We found three catfishes in the dam belonging to family Bagridae, namely Mystus bleekeri, Mystus tengara and Rita rita.

Species 4: Clarias batracus, commonly known as the walking catfish or the freshwater catfish, is a species of air- breathing catfish belonging to the family Clariidae. They are found in freshwater systems throughout Southeast Asia and parts of South Asia. Clarias batrachus doesn't actually "walk" on its fins, but is capable of wriggling its way across land using its long body and strong muscles to navigate and climb over obstacles. They are primarily nocturnal bottom feeders, feeding on a wide range of foods including insects, crustaceans, small fish, and plant matter. The body of Clarias batrachus is elongated, with a flattened head, long barbels, and a pair of sharp spines located behind the pectoral fins. They have uniform brownish-grey coloration and are covered in small scales. In captivity, they are hardy and generally easy to care for, and as a result, are popular in the aquarium trade [35]. However, they require a mature tank with plenty of hiding places and good water quality. They grow quickly and can reach up to two feet in length, needing plenty of space to swim as adults. In some parts of Southeast Asia, Clarias batrachus are considered a delicacy and are farmed for their meat, while in other places they are actually considered an invasive species [36]. Complete mitochondrial genome is available for this endangered fish [37].

C. Family: Erethistidae

The Family Erethistidae is a group of freshwater catfishes that are native to Asia. They are small to medium-sized fish with a flattened head and body. Some species have long spines on their fins for protection from predators, and many have a distinctive pattern of stripes or spots on their bodies [38]. These fish are popular among aquarium enthusiasts because of their unique appearance and interesting behavior. They are also valued by some cultures as a food source. We found one species from this family that is Hara jerdoni.

Species 5 : Hara jerdoni is a small fish with a lifespan of around 5 years. Shy and docile by nature and lives in the slow moving waters with soft pebble substratum. Their food includes bloodworms and daphnia. It is also known as the Asian Stone Catfish. Small freshwater catfish species that is native to parts of Asia, including India, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. They have a dark brown to black body with lighter spots that can help them blend into their natural environment. It is known to be a peaceful fish that can be kept in community aquariums with other small fish species. They prefer a well- planted tank with plenty of hiding places, and they can be fed a variety of foods including flakes, pellets, and frozen and live foods [39-41].

D. Family: Heteropneustidae

Heteropneustidae is a family of catfish species that are found in freshwater habitats in Asia and Africa. They are commonly referred to as air-breathing catfishes, due to their specialized ability to breathe air using a primitive lung in addition to their gills. The family includes about 52 species in 9 genera. They are generally small to medium-sized fish, with most species reaching less than 30 cm in length. Some of the more well-known species include the Indian catfish (Heteropneustes fossilis) and the walking catfish (Clarias batrachus). Air breathing catfishes typically inhabit slow- moving streams, ponds, and swamps, and they feed on insects, small crustaceans, and other small aquatic creatures [42]. They are also sometimes kept as aquarium fish due to their unique behavior and adaptation to breathing air.

Species 6: Heteropneustes heteropneustes feed mainly on small crustaceans and worms. Found in ponds, ditches, muddy waters, swamps and marshes are the airspace catfishes. These fishes show an elongated and compressed body type. Their heads are depressed specifically. They are called airspace catfishes for they have large air sacs that function like a lung. These fishes are dangerous as their pectoral fins have an associated poison gland [43,44].

E. Family: Pangasiidae

The Pangasiidae family of fish, commonly known as catfish, is a group of freshwater fishes found primarily in Southeast Asia. These fish are known for their whisker-like barbels that help them navigate the murky waters they inhabit. They come in various sizes and colors, with some growing up to 10 feet long. Some popular species include the Pangasius hypophthalmus, also known as the iridescent shark, and the Pangasianodon gigas, nicknamed the giant pangasius. Overall, these fish are an important food source for many people and play a significant role in their respective ecosystems [45, 46].

Species 7: Pangasius pangasius, also known as the Pangas catfish or Vietnamese sutchi catfish, is a freshwater fish that belongs to the family Pangasiidae. It is native to Southeast Asia, where it is a popular food fish. It is a relatively small fish, growing up to around 30 inches in length and weighing around 4 pounds. The Pangas catfish feeds mainly on small fish, crustaceans, insects, and other small aquatic animals (Figure-3). It is an important species for the aquaculture industry due to its fast growth rate, resistance to disease, and high tolerance to a wide range of environmental conditions. However, it is also considered an invasive species in some areas where it has been introduced. These are obligate air breathing fishes reared for consumption. Mainly herbivorous in nature. Their flesh is sweet and fine grained considered of good quality. Complete mitochondrial genome sequence is available for this endangered fish [47].

Figure 3: Figure represents other members of order Siluriformes. Members from three more families. Clarias batracus belongs to family Clariidae, Hara jerdoni belongs to Eresthistidae, and Heteropneustes fossilis belongs to Heteropneustidae.

F. Family: Schilbeidae/Aiilidae

Fish belonging to the family Schilbeidae are commonly known as schilbeid catfishes, or simply schilbeids. These fish are a diverse group found in freshwater habitats throughout Africa and Asia. There are over 80 species in the family, and they vary widely in size and habits. Schilbeid catfish are mostly nocturnal, and they are often found in fast-moving water. Many species are predatory and feed on small fish, while others are omnivorous. Some of the larger species are important food fish, while smaller species are kept in aquaria. Schilbeids are characterized by their long dorsal and anal fins, which often have several finlets between them. They typically have slender bodies and wide, flattened heads with long, barbels around their mouths [48]. Some of the more interesting species in the family include the African buttercatfish, the dwarf African catfish, and the clown catfish .

Species 8: Ailia colia, also commonly known as Gangetic Ailia or Ailia fish, is a freshwater fish species belonging to the family Osteoglossidae. It is found primarily in the rivers and estuaries of India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, and Myanmar. The fish can reach up to 30 cm in length and is usually silver with a curved head and small, sharp teeth. Ailia colia is an important food fish in many areas of its distribution, where it is often caught using traditional fishing methods like gill nets, cast nets, and traps. In addition to its economic value, the species is also used for research purposes because of its phylogenetic importance. Like many other freshwater fish species, Ailia colia currently faces the threat of overfishing, habitat destruction, and pollution [49]. As a result, many organizations and individuals are working to ensure the long-term conservation of this endangered species and its ecosystem. Lifespan of 1.4 - 4.4 years.

Species 9: Clupisoma garua are fresh and brackish water fishes that inhabit rivers and large freshwater bodies. Bottom dwelling fishes that feed on insect, shrimps and small fishes. Clupisoma garua is a freshwater fish species that belongs to the Schilbeidae or Aillidae family. It is commonly found in slow-moving rivers, streams, and flood plains in the Indus, Ganges, and Brahmaputra river basins of South Asia (Table-3). Some general characteristics of Clupisoma garua fish include a cylindrical-shaped body that is elongated and compressed, with a smooth skin covered with slime. It has a small head and small eyes, and its mouth is located ventrally with no barbels. The fish has 4 to 5 pairs of gill slits that are crescent-shaped and wide. The dorsal fin extends from behind the head to the tip of the tail and has a deeply forked caudal fin. The fish is usually dark brown in color and can grow up to 25 cm in length [50-53].

Table 3: Table given below represents the members of order Siluriformes. Members from three more families. Ailia colia, Clupisoma garua, Clupisoma montane, Eutropiichthys vacha and Silonia silonia belongs to family Schilbeidae, and Ompok bimacuatus and Wallago attu belongs to family Siluridae. Table shows comparative pH, Temperature, habit, lifespan and length of fishes. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) status of fishes mentioned as EN, Endangered; VU, Vulnerable; NT, Near threatened; LRnt, Low risk near threatened; NA, Not assessed and LC, Least concerned.

Species 10: Clupisoma montana is a freshwater fish found in slow-moving rivers, streams, and ponds in certain parts of South Asia, particularly in the streams of Myanmar and the middle parts of the Irrawaddy River basin. This fish is also known as the Mountain Goonch or Squid Catfish and has a similar body shape to Clupisoma garua as well with a smooth skin covered with slime. The Squid Catfish has a flattened head and narrower body profile than Clupisoma garua and can grow up to 50 cm in total length [54,55]. The distinguishing feature of Clupisoma montana is its round lamellae that pierce the skin along the margins of the pectoral fin base in males, which is not present in its close relative, Clupisoma garua. Overall, both Clupisoma garua and Clupisoma montana are interesting species of freshwater fish with unique characteristics.

Species 11: Eutropiichthys vacha is pelagic and Potamodromous fish that feeds on small fish and insects. This fish is climate sensitive and can be used to study effect of climate change. Eutropiichthys vacha is another freshwater fish species that belongs to the family Schilbeidae and is found in South and Southeast Asia, particularly in the Ganges, Brahmaputra, and Mekong river basins. This fish has an elongated and cylindrical-shaped body, with a pointed head and a small mouth. It has a single dorsal fin that is located closer to the tail and a deeply forked caudal fin. Its skin is covered with smooth scales [56]. The color of Eutropiichthys vacha is usually gray or brown with golden or silver reflections on the sides and belly. It can grow up to 50 cm in length and has an important role in the freshwater ecosystem by feeding on insects, crustaceans, and smaller fishes. Eutropiichthys vacha is also an important fish for commercial and subsistence fishery, particularly in Bangladesh and India, where it is caught and processed for local and regional markets [57-59].

Species 12: Silonia silondia also known as Silond catfish, is a demersal fish that inhabit rivers, shoals. Bottom dwellers and carnivorous by nature that feed on animal based food including small fishes, crustaceans, insects, molluscs and plants materials (Figure-4). This fish is found in India, Bangladesh, Pakistan and Nepal. It can grow up to 72 inches or 183cm. During breeding season the adults migrate from estuaries into large rivers during monsoon season. As water level decreases they get stranded in small pools [60].

Figure 4: Figure represents the members of order Siluriformes. Ailia colia, Clupisoma garua, Clupisoma montana, Eutropiichthys vacha and Silonia silondia belongs to family Schilbeidae, and Ompok bimacuatus and Wallago attu belongs to family Siluridae. Column one represents the name of the family. Second represents name of species whereas pictures of the fishes are shown in the right most column.

G. Family: Siluridae

The Siluridae, also known as the siluroid catfishes, are a family of freshwater catfishes. Size of these catfishes vary greatly and can range from small, 10 cm (4 in) in species like Amblyceps mangois to larger 2 m (6 ft 7 in) species like the giant Mekong catfish (Pangasianodon gigas). Appearance varies significantly between species, many have cylindrical, eel-like body shape and smooth and scaleless skin. They also have a protective covering of bony plates along the head and upper body. Most silurids are nocturnal and typically feed on live or decaying fish, insects and other invertebrates. Found in freshwater habitats on every continent with the exception of Australia and Antarctica. Importance: Many species are important food fishes in some regions of the world such as the Mekong, while others are kept as pets or used as ornamentation in a home aquarium [61, 62].

Species 13: Ompok bimaculatus, also known as the butter catfish, is a species of freshwater catfish found in rivers and streams throughout Southeast Asia. Adults can reach up to 30 centimeters or 12 inches in length. Their appearance is brownish-grey in color with two distinct black spots on their backs (hence the name “bimaculatus”). Nocturnal and usually found hiding under rocks or submerged logs during the day. They feed on small fish insects, and crustaceans. They can live up to 10 years in captivity. Economically important food fish in Southeast Asia. Complete genome sequence is available [63, 64].

Species 14: Wallago attu, also known as the Wallago catfish, is a species of freshwater catfish found in South and Southeast Asia. Adults can reach up to 180 centimeters (6 feet) in length and 40 kilograms (90 pounds) in weight. Olive brown to dark brown in colour with a streamlined, eel-like body shape and uniform fins along the belly. They have sharp, serrated spines on their pectoral and dorsal fins. By nature they are predatory carnivores that feed on fish, crustaceans and other aquatic organisms. They are known to migrate long distances between rivers and reservoirs and prefer large, deep rivers and lakes with muddy or sandy bottoms. An important food fish in many parts of South and Southeast Asia, and also popular among recreational anglers for their size and fighting ability (Figure -5).

Figure 5: Figure represents the members of order Siluriformes. Members Ompok bimacuatus and Wallago attu belong to family Siluridae. Column one represents the name of the fish family. Second column represents name of fish species whereas pictures of the respective fishes are shown in the right.

Order 2: Symbranchiformes

They are a group of primarily freshwater fish that are found in tropical and subtropical regions. Members of this group have elongated bodies that are eel-like in appearance. They possess a reduced or absent dorsal fin, and a caudal (tail) fin that is either well-developed or absent altogether. Symbranchiformes have a well-developed sense of smell and a secondary olfactory organ, called the vomeronasal organ, which is used to detect chemicals in the water. They are mostly nocturnal and feed on small animals that they find on or in the substrate and in the water column. Symbranchiformes have adapted to poorly-oxygenated waters by developing an accessory breathing organ called the supra-branchial organ that allows them to breathe air. They belong to a group of fish known as the bony-tongues, which also includes the Arapaimidae (arapaimas) and the Osteoglossidae (arowanas) [65-67].

H. Family: Mastacembelideae

They are a family of freshwater fish, also known as spiny eels, found primarily in freshwater habitats in Africa and Asia. Members of this family are elongated, serpent-like fishes that lack pelvic fins. Mastacembelids are generally nocturnal and feed on small invertebrates and fish as they move along the substrate [68, 69]. They possess a specialized sense organ known as the rostral organ, which is used to detect weak electric fields generated by prey. Some species possess large, spiny projections on their dorsal fin, which can be used for defense or as a display mechanism. Mastacembelids have lung-like structures for oxygen exchange, and some species have been observed to emerge from the water entirely to gulp air. They are popular aquarium fish due to their unique appearance and interesting behavior patterns [70-73].

Species 15 :Mastacembalus pancalus, also known as the Royal Spiny Eel or Zig Zag Spiny Eel, is a freshwater fish species commonly found in rivers and streams in parts of South Asia including India, Bangladesh, Nepal, and Pakistan. This long, slender fish has a serpentine-like appearance. Its body is dark brown to black, with a white to yellowish underside. It has an elongated jaw with multiple sharp teeth, and a series of spines running down its dorsal fin and tail. The Royal Spiny Eel can reach up to 60 cm (24 inches) in length, although in the aquarium it usually grows to around 30 cm (12 inches). It typically inhabits shallow, fast-moving rivers with rocky or sandy bottoms, as well as other freshwater habitats such as ponds and swamps (Table-4). The Royal Spiny Eel is a carnivorous fish, feeding mostly on small fish, crustaceans, insects, and other small aquatic animals. This species is mostly nocturnal and spends most of the day hiding under rocks, logs, or other structures in the water. It is known for its ability to move both forwards and backwards, and is a strong swimmer. It is believed to spawn during the rainy season and eggs are deposited in sand or gravel substrates [74, 75].

Table 4: Table given below represents the members of three orders Symbranchiformes,  Perciformes and Osteoglossiformes. Members include Mastacembelus pancalus from family  Mastacembelidae and order Symbranchiformes.  Channa punctatus belongs to family Channidae whereas Orechromis niloticus and Oreochromis mossambicus are from family Chichlidae. Elongate glassyperchlet belongs to family Ambassidae. All these families, Channidae, Chichlidae and Ambassidae belong to order Perciformes. Last member shown in table is Notopterus notopterus that belongs to family Notopteridae and order Osteoglossiformes. Table represents comparative pH, Temperature, habit, life span and length of fishes. International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) status of fishes mentioned as EN, Endangered; VU, Vulnerable; NT, Near threatened; LRnt, Low risk near threatened; NA, Not assessed and LC, Least concerned.

Order 3: Perciformes

They are the largest order of fish, containing over 9,000 known species, and are found in both saltwater and freshwater habitats across the world. Members of this order have a wide range of body shapes and sizes, but most are characterized by a flat or laterally compressed body, spiny fins, and a ctenoid or cycloid scales. Perciformes are carnivorous, with many species preying on other fish and invertebrates. They have a range of reproductive strategies, with some species guarding their eggs and young while others have no parental care. Perciformes are highly adaptable fish, with many species able to survive and thrive in a range of environmental conditions. The group includes many popular game fish species, like bass, perch, and snappers, as well as many popular aquarium species, like cichlids, angelfish, and gobies. They are important economically and are a major source of protein for human consumption [76-78].

I. Family: Channidae

Also known as snakeheads, Channidae is a family of freshwater fish found primarily in Asia and Africa. Snakeheads are elongated, predatory fish with a large mouth and sharp teeth. Most species have an oblong shape with a flattened head, and some possess distinctive stripes or blotches. Members of this family are hardy and adaptable fish, able to survive in low-oxygen environments and move overland between water bodies, a trait known as air-breathing. They are carnivorous and feed on a wide variety of prey, including fish, crustaceans, and insects. Snakeheads have a well-developed sense of sight and can often be highly territorial and aggressive. Some snakeheads are popular food fish, while others are kept as aquarium fish. However, several species have also become invasive in non-native ecosystems, causing harm to biodiversity and the local economy of invaded regions [79].

Species 16: Channa punctatus, also known as the spotted snakehead is native to the Indian subcontinent, where it is found primarily in rivers, streams, and ponds. The fish has an elongated, cylindrical body with a flattened head and a large mouth filled with sharp teeth. Its body is typically olive or brownish in color, with dark brown spots covering the upper surface of the body and sides. The fish is a carnivore, feeding mainly on small fish, crustaceans, and insects. C. punctatus is known to be a hardy fish and can tolerate a range of environmental conditions, including low oxygen levels and high temperature. It is also a good swimmer, able to move quickly and gracefully through the water. C. punctatus is a popular food fish in many parts of its native range and is also kept as an aquarium fish [80, 81].

J. Family: Ambassidae

Ambassidae is a family of freshwater fish commonly known as the glassfish family. The body of Ambassidae is nearly completely transparent which allows their bones, organs, and even muscles to be visible. Most species are small fish, usually measuring less than 15 centimeters in length. Like most fish, they possess two dorsal fins, the first being larger than the second. Predominantly freshwater habitats. Mostly found in slow-moving freshwater, such as rivers, lakes or wetlands. They are primarily carnivorous and typically feed on smaller invertebrates, including zooplankton, insect larvae and small fish. The Glassfish are popular among aquarium enthusiasts due to their striking appearance and peaceful temperament. They are also sought after for their delicacy in some regions where they are native.

Species 17: Elongate glassyperchlet, also known as Chanda nama, is a small freshwater fish found in South and Southeast Asia. These fish are known for their elongated bodies, transparent appearance, and small size which is around 11 cm. They are popular among aquarium enthusiasts due to their unique appearance, peaceful temperament, and relatively low- maintenance needs. However, some species are occasionally consumed as food in certain regions where they are native. It inhabits freshwater ponds, canals, streams, and flooded rice fields. Abundant during the rainy season. Feeds on mosquito larvae and worms. Exhibit lepidophagy which means it also eats scales of other fishes. Considered useful for controlling malaria and parasites (Figure-6).

Figure 6: Figure represents the members of order Symbranchiformes and Perciformes. Mastacembelus pancalus belongs to family Mastacembelidae and order Symbranchiformes whereas Channa pnctatus belongs to family Channidae and Elongateglassy perchlet belongs to family Ambassidae. Both these families Channidae and Ambassidae belong to order Perciformes. Column one represents the name of the fish family. Second column represents name of fish species whereas pictures of the respective fishes are shown in the right most column.

K. Family: Chichlidae

The family Chichlidae is a diverse group of freshwater fish that includes over 1,600 species. Cichlids have well-developed teeth in their jaws. They can have either a single row of teeth on each jaw or multiple rows of teeth. Cichlids have a diverse range of body shapes and sizes. Some species like the angelfish have thin, disc-shaped body, while others like the Oscar have a more robust body with a large head. Brightly colored scales: Many species of Cichlids have vibrant and brightly colored scales that can be used for communication, courtship, and camouflage. Some Cichlid species are known for their aggressive behavior, especially during breeding and territorial disputes. Many Cichlid species display significant parental care, including nest-building, brood defense, and/or mouth- brooding. Most Cichlid species are omnivorous, feeding on a diet of plants, insects, small fish, and other organisms.

Species 18: Oreochromis niloticus has a lifespan of more than 10 years, found in freshwater rivers, streams, canal, lakes and ponds. Oreochromis niloticus, commonly known as Nile tilapia, is a freshwater fish species belonging to the family Cichlidae. The Nile tilapia is native to Africa and has also been introduced in many other parts of the world. It is an important species for aquaculture and food production, with a mild-tasting white flesh that is high in protein. Nile tilapia can grow up to 24 inches in length and can weigh up to 9.9 lbs. They have an elongated and slightly laterally compressed body, with a rounded head and a small, elongated mouth. The color of Nile tilapia is generally gray or greenish-brown, with black spots and vertical bars on their body and fins. Nile tilapia is an omnivorous species, feeding on a variety of plant and animal materials, including phytoplankton, zooplankton, aquatic plants, and insects. In aquaculture settings, they are typically fed commercial fish feeds that contain a mixture of plant and animal-based proteins. Nile tilapia is known for its rapid growth rate, ability to tolerate poor water quality conditions, and mild taste, which has made it a popular choice for aquaculture in many countries. Nile tilapia farming must be managed carefully to minimize environmental impacts.

Species 19: Oreochromis mossambicus has a life span of 11 years is a fresh water fish. Commonly known as Mozambique tilapia, is a freshwater fish species belonging to the family Cichlidae. It is native to southeastern Africa and is widely distributed in both freshwater and brackish environments. Mozambique tilapia is an important species of tropical aquaculture and is cultured in many parts of the world. Mozambique tilapia can grow up to 16 inches in length and can weigh up to 3.3 pounds. They have an elongated, slightly compressed body with a pointed snout and a small, terminal mouth. The colour of Mozambique tilapia varies depending on the environment and can range from dark green to brown or grey. Mozambique tilapia is an omnivorous species, feeding on a variety of plant and animal materials, including algae, plankton, and small invertebrates. In aquaculture, they are often fed commercial feeds that contain a high proportion of plant-based proteins. Mozambique tilapia is known for its hardiness and ability to tolerate a range of environmental conditions, including high salinity and low oxygen levels. As such, it has become an important species for aquaculture in many countries. However, as with other farmed fish species, Mozambique tilapia farming must be managed carefully to minimize environmental impacts.

Order 4: Osteoglossiformes

The Osteoglossiformes order is a group of freshwater fish species that are known for their bony tongues and primitive characteristics. The order includes about 250 species and is divided into two families: Arapaimidae (Arapaimas) and Osteoglossidae (Bony tongues). Members of the Osteoglossiformes order are widely distributed in the tropics and subtropics, with most species found in Africa, South America, and Southeast Asia. Many species are important food fishes and are also popular in the aquarium trade. Characteristic features of the Osteoglossiformes order include a primitive lung-like swim bladder, a bony tongue that is covered with teeth, and large scales. Fish species in this order have a long, narrow body shape and have a generally silvery or gray coloration. Some of the most notable species in the Osteoglossiformes order include Arapaima gigas (Giant Arapaima), Osteoglossum bicirrhosum (Silver Arowana), and Heterotis niloticus (Nile Perch). Some species, like the Arapaima, can grow up to 15 feet in length and can weigh over 400 lbs. Although many species in the Osteoglossiformes order have been heavily exploited for food and the aquarium trade, conservation efforts are underway to help protect and preserve these unique and fascinating fish species.

L. Family: Notopteridae

The Notopteridae family, also known as the featherback fish or knife-fish family, is a group of freshwater ray-finned fish. They are characterized by their elongated bodies and long dorsal fins that resemble a feather or a knife blade. These fish are found in Africa and Southeast Asia and are popular in the aquarium trade. They have elongated bodies, typically ranging from 30 to 100 centimeters in length, long dorsal fins that extend down the back and resemble either a feather or knife blade, smooth scales with a slimy texture and small, conical teeth in both upper and lower jaws. Some species have an electric organ near their anal fin which allows them to generate an electric field for sensory p

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