Ophthalmology Case Reports

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Rapid Communication - Ophthalmology Case Reports (2025) Volume 9, Issue 2

Dry Eye Disease: Understanding, Causes, and Treatment Options

Renu Kong*

School of Medicine, International Medical University, Malaysia

*Corresponding Author:
Renu Kong
School of Medicine, International Medical University, Malaysia
E-mail: renukong@imu.edu.my

Received:01-Apr-2025,Manuscript No.OER-25-164480; Editor assigned:02-Apr-2025, PreQC No.OER-25-164480; Reviewed:10-Apr-2025,QC No.OER-25-164480; Revised:21-Apr-2025,Manuscript No.OER-25-164480(R); Published: 30-Apr-2025, DOI:10.35841/ 10.35841/oer-9.2.269

Citation: Kong R. Dry Eye Disease: Understanding, Causes, and Treatment Options. Ophthalmol Case Rep. 2025;9(2):269

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Abstract

  

Introduction

Dry eye disease (DED), also known as kerato conjunctivitis sicca, is a common condition that occurs when the eyes do not produce enough tears or the tears evaporate too quickly, leading to irritation and discomfort. Tears are essential for maintaining eye health, as they provide lubrication, remove debris, and protect the eye from infection. When tear production is disrupted, the result is often dry, uncomfortable eyes, and in some cases, it can lead to significant visual impairment [1].

Although dry eye disease may seem like a minor inconvenience, it can significantly impact a person’s quality of life, leading to symptoms such as burning, itching, blurred vision, and even difficulty performing everyday tasks. This article explores the causes, symptoms, diagnosis, and treatment options for dry eye disease, as well as the latest research in the field [2].

The outermost layer, produced by the Meibomian glands in the eyelids, helps prevent tear evaporation by creating a barrier that keeps moisture in. This middle layer, produced by the lacrimal glands, provides the majority of the tear volume and contains water, salts, and proteins that nourish and protect the eye. The innermost layer, produced by conjunctival cells, ensures that the tear film adheres to the eye surface and helps distribute the aqueous layer evenly. When any of these layers are disrupted—whether due to reduced tear production, increased tear evaporation, or an imbalance in the tear composition—it can lead to the development of dry eye disease [

As people age, especially after the age of 50, tear production naturally decreases, which makes older individuals more susceptible to dry eye disease. Hormonal changes, particularly during menopause, can also play a role in the development of dry eye disease. Exposure to environmental conditions such as wind, dry air, smoke, or air conditioning can increase tear evaporation, leading to dry eyes. Spending long hours in front of computer screens, which reduces the frequency of blinking, is another modern-day contributor. Certain medications, including antihistamines, decongestants, blood pressure medications, and antidepressants, can reduce tear production and lead to dry eye symptoms [5].

Additionally, medications like isotretinoin (used for severe acne) can have a direct impact on tear production. Conditions like Sjögren’s syndrome, rheumatoid arthritis, and lupus can target the tear glands, leading to insufficient tear production. In these cases, dry eye disease is often a secondary condition related to the autoimmune response. Conditions such as blepharitis (inflammation of the eyelids) or Meibomian gland dysfunction (MGD), in which the glands responsible for oil production in the eyelids become blocked, can lead to poor-quality tears that evaporate too quickly. The severity of symptoms can fluctuate depending on environmental factors, time of day, and individual activity levels. For some, dry eyes may be a minor nuisance, while for others, the condition can be debilitating [

While dry eye disease cannot always be cured, there are several treatment options available to help manage the condition and provide relief from symptoms. These treatments can range from lifestyle changes to medical interventions, depending on the severity of the disease [

Recent research in dry eye disease has led to new treatments and technologies aimed at improving the lives of patients with this condition. Biologic therapies, such as stem cell treatments, are being explored to regenerate damaged tissue and improve tear production. Genetic therapies targeting the root causes of dry eye disease are also being researched. Additionally, advanced diagnostic tools, such as ocular surface imaging and tear biomarkers, are improving our ability to identify and track dry eye disease at its earliest stages, allowing for more personalized treatment plans. [

Conclusion

Dry eye disease is a widespread and often underappreciated condition that can significantly affect an individual’s quality of life. From simple irritations to chronic discomfort, the impact of dry eyes can be both physical and emotional. Fortunately, with advances in diagnostics and treatment options, individuals suffering from dry eye disease have access to more effective therapies than ever before. Whether through artificial tears, medications, or lifestyle changes, there are many ways to manage and alleviate the symptoms of dry eyes. As research continues to evolve, there is hope for even more innovative treatments in the future.

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