Case Report - Journal of Pulmonology and Clinical Research (2018) Journal of Pulmonology and Clinical Research (Special Issue 1-2018)

Unique case of alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency causing decreased protein C and S activity leading to DVT and pulmonary embolism.

Department of Internal Medicine, Reading Hospital and Medical Center, Pennsylvania, USA

*Corresponding Author:

Manoj S
Department of Internal Medicine
Reading Hospital and Medical Center, USA
E-mail: manojksingla@yahoo.com

Accepted date: May 21, 2018

Citation: Manoj S. Unique case of alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency causing decreased protein C and S activity leading to DVT and pulmonary embolism. J Pulmonol Clin Res. 2018;2(1):6-8.

Abstract

Although alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is generally considered to be rare, estimates that 80,000 to 100,000 individuals in the United States have severe deficiency of AAT suggest that the disease is under-recognized. The prevalence of AAT varies considerably from one country to another; however, it is estimated that more than 3 million people worldwide have allele combinations associated with severe deficiency of AAT. The pathogenesis of the liver disease is quite different and is called a "toxic gain of function." The liver disease results from the accumulation within the hepatocyte of un-secreted variant AAT protein. Only those genotypes associated with pathologic polymerization of AAT within the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes (e.g., PI*ZZ type AATD) produce disease. Most patients with liver disease due to AATD are homozygous for the Z allele (i.e., PI*ZZ); liver disease does not occur in null homozygotes who have severe deficiency of AAT, but no intra-hepatocytic accumulation.

Keywords

Alpha 1-antitrypsin deficiency, Liver cirrhosis, Protein C, Protein S, Pulmonary embolism, DVT

Case Report

62-year-old, non-smoking, white Man with past medical history of AATD associated with emphysema but no other comorbidities present to the office with lower extremity swelling for 1 month. On physical exam he had 2+ pitting edema in lower extremities. Lung examination had fine rales bilateral bases. Patient was not short of breath it looks comfortable saturation was 99% room air [1,2]. Vitals were stable. Considering lower extremity edema and history of AATD med me to think to check his liver functions he could have hypo-albuminemia and cirrhosis [3]. Ultrasound of the liver demonstrated patient having cirrhosis and blood test revealed hypoalbuminemia that prompted he should be checked for D-dimers as probability was high. D-dimers were elevated subsequently went for ultrasound of lower extremity and DVT was found and subsequently CT scan showed pulmonary embolism, further workup showed decreased protein C and S. That typically due to decreased synthetic function of the liver cirrhosis due to AATD [4,5].

Patient was admitted to the hospital started on heparin and got discharged within 24 hours to home with Newer oral anticoagulant Eliquis. Patient's other anticoagulation profile anti-thrombin III of 33 μ/dl (normal 85-130 μ/dl) with negative factor V mutation, lupus anticoagulant negative [6-8].

Workup

Laboratory diagnostics revealed white cell count of 71000 without any neutrophilia. D-dimers were elevated 2.0 8 (Table 1).

Table 1. Protein S activity 65% normal ranges 77 to 143%. Protein C activity 42% with range of 70 to 130%.

Lower extremity doppler

Evidence of DVT involving the left calf muscle branches/ gastrocnemius.

No evidence of other DVTs or superficial phlebitis involving bilateral lower extremity.

Discussion

Although alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency (AATD) is generally considered to be rare, estimates that 80,000 to 100,000 individuals in the United States have severe deficiency of AAT suggest that the disease is under-recognized [1,2]. The prevalence of AAT varies considerably from one country to another [3]; however, it is estimated that more than 3 million people worldwide have allele combinations associated with severe deficiency of AAT [4,5].

AAT is a protease inhibitor (Pi) of the proteolytic enzyme elastase and also of the proteases trypsin, chymotrypsin, and thrombin. It is part of a larger family of structurally unique serine protease inhibitors, referred to as serpins, which have also been implicated in the pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, angioedema, and coagulation abnormalities, collectively called "serpinopathies" [9,10].

Emphysema in AAT deficiency (AATD) is thought to result from an imbalance between neutrophil elastase in the lung, which destroys elastin, and the elastase inhibitor AAT, which protects against proteolytic degradation of elastin. This mechanism is called a "toxic loss of function." Specifically, cigarette smoking and infection increase the elastase burden in the lung, thus increasing lung degradation [10]. In addition, the polymers of "Z" antitrypsin are chemotactic for neutrophils, which may contribute to local inflammation and tissue destruction in the lung (Figure 1) [10].

Figure 1: CT scan chest stat done showed: Acute pulmonary emboli in both upper and lower lobes pulmonary arterial branches with mild right heart strain.

The pathogenesis of the liver disease is quite different and is called a "toxic gain of function." The liver disease results from the accumulation within the hepatocyte of unsecreted variant AAT protein. Only those genotypes associated with pathologic polymerization of AAT within the endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes (eg, PI*ZZ type AATD) produce disease [6-8]. Most patients with liver disease due to AATD are homozygous for the Z allele (ie, PI*ZZ); liver disease does not occur in null homozygotes who have severe deficiency of AAT, but no intra-hepatocytic accumulation. Patient did not have any other significant meds will history that can lead to hypercoagulability except alpha 1 antitrypsin deficiency leading to liver cirrhosis causing decreased protein C and S activity leading to DVT and pulmonary embolism.

We are publishing the unique AATD with hypoalbuminemia and decreased protein C and S activity leading to pulmonary thrombosis. This case is important and sheds light in primary care office is the patient with AATD presents for lower extremity swelling should be worked up for hypoalbuminemia leading to protein C and S deficiency and ultimately leading to pulmonary embolism.

Source of support

Nil.

Conflict of interest

None declared.

References

1. Stoller JK, Sandhaus RA, Turino G, et al. Delay in diagnosis of alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency: a continuing problem. Chest. 2005;128(4):1989-94.
2. Campos MA, Wanner A, Zhang G, et al. Trends in the diagnosis of symptomatic patients with alpha1- antitrypsin deficiency between 1968 and 2003. Chest. 2005;128(3):1179-86.
3. Blanco I, de Serres FJ, Fernandez-Bustillo E, et al. Estimated numbers and prevalence of PI*S and PI*Z alleles of alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency in European countries. Eur Respir J. 2006;27(1):77-84.
4. de Serres FJ, Blanco I, Fernández-Bustillo E. PI S and PI Z alpha-1 antitrypsin deficiency worldwide. A review of existing genetic epidemiological data. Monaldi Arch Chest Dis. 2007;67(4):184-208.
5. de Serres FJ. Worldwide racial and ethnic distribution of alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency: summary of an analysis of published genetic epidemiologic surveys. Chest. 2002;122(5):1818-29.
6. Lomas DA, Evans DL, Finch JT, et al. The mechanism of Z alpha 1-antitrypsin accumulation in the liver. Nature. 1992;357(6379):605-7.
7. Mahadeva R, Chang WS, Dafforn TR, et al. Heteropolymerization of S, I, and Z alpha1-antitrypsin and liver cirrhosis. J Clin Invest. 1999;103:999.
8. Lomas DA, Parfrey H. Alpha1-antitrypsin deficiency. Molecular pathophysiology. Thorax. 2004;59:529.
9. Stoller JK, Aboussouan LS. A review of α1-antitrypsin deficiency. Am J Respir Crit Care Med. 2012;185:246.
10. Mahadeva R, Atkinson C, Li Z, et al. Polymers of Z alpha1- antitrypsin co-localize with neutrophils in emphysematous alveoli and are chemotactic in vivo. Am J Pathol. 2005;166:377.