Editorial - Hematology and Blood Disorders (2025) Volume 8, Issue 2

Vitamin Deficiency Anemias: How B12 and Folate Shape Blood Health

Jackson Wang ^*

Department of medicine, Creighton University Omaha, United States

*Corresponding Author:

Jackson Wang
Department of Medicine,
Creighton University Omaha, United States
E-mail: Wang66@tsinghua.edu.cn

Received: 01-Aug-2025, Manuscript No. AAHBD-24-171319; Editor assigned: 03-Aug-2025, PreQC No. AAHBD-24-171319(PQ);Reviewed:16-Aug-2025, QC No. AAHBD-24-171319; Revised:18-Aug-2025, Manuscript No. AAHBD-24-171319(R); Published: 24-Aug-2025, DOI:10.35841/AAHBD-8.2.222

Citation: Wang J. Vitamin deficiency anemias: How b12 and folate shape blood health. Hematol Blood Disord. 2025;8(2):222

Introduction

Anemia is often associated with iron deficiency, but two lesser-known culprits—vitamin B12 and folate (vitamin B9)—play equally critical roles in maintaining healthy red blood cells. Deficiencies in these vitamins can lead to a specific type of anemia known as megaloblastic anemia, characterized by the presence of abnormally large and dysfunctional red blood cells. Understanding how B12 and folate shape blood health is essential for early detection, prevention, and treatment of these potentially debilitating conditions [1].

Vitamin B12 (cobalamin) and folate are water-soluble vitamins essential for DNA synthesis, cell division, and the maturation of red blood cells. Without adequate levels of these nutrients, the bone marrow produces large, immature red blood cells called megaloblasts, which are inefficient at transporting oxygen throughout the body. Vitamin B12 is crucial for neurological function, red blood cell production, and DNA synthesis. Folate supports cell division and is especially vital during periods of rapid growth, such as pregnancy and infancy [2].

Together, these vitamins ensure the proper formation and function of red blood cells, which are responsible for delivering oxygen to tissues and organs. Megaloblastic anemia occurs when the body lacks sufficient B12 or folate, leading to impaired DNA synthesis and abnormal red blood cell development. These cells are larger than normal (macrocytic), have irregular shapes, and often die prematurely, resulting in anemia and reduced oxygen delivery [3].

Common in vegetarians and vegans, as B12 is found primarily in animal products. Conditions like pernicious anemia, gastric bypass, or chronic use of acid-reducing medications can impair absorption. Older adults often produce less stomach acid, which is needed to release B12 from food. Especially in populations with limited access to fresh fruits and vegetables. Pregnancy, lactation, and certain diseases increase folate requirements. Chronic alcohol use interferes with folate absorption and metabolism [4].

Shows characteristic megaloblastic changes, including hypersegmented neutrophils. Early detection is crucial, as prolonged deficiency—especially of B12—can cause irreversible neurological damage. Oral tablets, sublingual forms, or intramuscular injections for severe cases. Typically taken for 4 months to restore folate levels. Incorporating B12-rich foods (meat, eggs, dairy) and folate-rich foods (leafy greens, legumes, fortified cereals). Recent studies suggest that even “normal” B12 levels may be insufficient for optimal brain health in older adults. Folate deficiency, while less likely to cause neurological symptoms, can still impair cognitive function and increase the risk of developmental disorders during pregnancy. Many countries have implemented folic acid fortification programs to reduce neural tube defects. However, B12 fortification is less common, and awareness remains low. Certain groups are more vulnerable to vitamin deficiency anemias: Folate is essential for fetal neural development; deficiency increases the risk of neural tube defects. Reduced absorption and dietary limitations contribute to B12 deficiency. Lack of animal products can lead to B12 deficiency. Conditions like Crohn’s disease or celiac disease impair nutrient absorption [5].

Conclusion

Vitamin B12 and folate are silent architects of blood health. Their deficiencies, though often overlooked, can have profound consequences—from anemia and fatigue to irreversible nerve damage and developmental disorders. Healthcare providers should consider vitamin deficiency anemia in patients presenting with unexplained fatigue, neurological symptoms, or macrocytic anemia. Through awareness, early detection, and proper nutrition, we can prevent these deficiencies and ensure that our blood—our body’s lifeline—remains strong and healthy.

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