Journal of Pregnancy and Neonatal Medicine

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Short Communication - Journal of Pregnancy and Neonatal Medicine (2025) Volume 9, Issue 1

Preterm Birth: Risk Factors, Prevention, and Interventions

Vinenzco Dagostini *

Cell Therapy Laboratory, University of Caxias do Sul, Brazil

*Corresponding Author:
Aniwaa Sanderson
Cell Therapy Laboratory, University of Caxias do Sul, Brazil
E-mail: dogostini@ucds.br.org

Received: 02-Jan-2025, Manuscript No. AAPNM-25-162850; Editor assigned: 03-Jan-2025, PreQC No. AAPNM-25-162850 (PQ) Reviewed:17-Jan-2025, QC No. AAPNM-25-162850Revised:24-Jan-2025, Manuscript No. AAPNM-25-162850 (R); Published:28-Jan-2025, DOI: 10.35841/aapnm-9.1.244

Citation: Dagostini V. Preterm Birth: Risk Factors, Prevention, and Interventions. J Preg Neonatal Med. 2025;9(1):244

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Abstract

  

Introduction

Preterm birth, defined as the birth of a baby before 37 weeks of gestation, is a significant global health concern. It is associated with a range of immediate and long-term health complications for the infant, including respiratory distress, neurological impairments, and developmental delays [1]. According to the World Health Organization (WHO), approximately 15 million babies are born preterm each year, and this number continues to rise in some regions. Understanding the risk factors, prevention strategies, and available interventions is critical to improving outcomes for both mothers and their preterm infants [2].

Risk Factors for Preterm Birth

Preterm birth can result from a variety of factors, which are often classified as maternal, fetal, and environmental risks. These factors can sometimes interact, compounding the likelihood of early delivery. Several maternal health issues can increase the risk of preterm birth [3]. Chronic conditions like hypertension, diabetes, and obesity are significant contributors. Infections, particularly urinary tract infections (UTIs) and sexually transmitted infections (STIs), can also lead to premature labor by triggering inflammatory responses. Previous preterm birth is one of the strongest predictors of preterm delivery, with women who have had a prior preterm birth being at an increased risk of recurrence. Age is another important factor; both very young (<17 years) and older women (>35 years) are more likely to experience preterm birth. Additionally, multiple pregnancies (twins, triplets) carry a higher risk due to the increased strain on the uterus [4].

Conditions such as fetal growth restriction or genetic abnormalities can increase the likelihood of preterm birth. In some cases, the placenta may not function properly, leading to the decision to deliver early for the health of the fetus. Women who face high levels of stress, have limited access to prenatal care, or live in poor socioeconomic conditions are at an increased risk. Poor nutrition, smoking, drug use, and exposure to environmental toxins can also contribute to preterm birth. Low levels of education, lack of social support, and inadequate prenatal care further exacerbate these risks [5].

Prevention of Preterm Birth

Efforts to prevent preterm birth are multifaceted, addressing both maternal health and environmental factors. Although not all preterm births can be prevented, several strategies have been shown to reduce the risk. Early and consistent prenatal care is crucial in identifying at-risk pregnancies and managing preexisting conditions. Routine screenings for infections, blood pressure monitoring, and diabetes management can help identify and mitigate risks before they result in preterm labor. For women at high risk of preterm birth, especially those with a history of previous preterm deliveries, progesterone therapy has been shown to reduce the risk of spontaneous preterm birth. Progesterone, a hormone that helps maintain pregnancy, can be administered through injections or vaginal suppositories [6].

Women with a short cervix, a condition that can lead to early dilation and premature labor, may benefit from cervical cerclage. This surgical procedure involves stitching the cervix closed to prevent early dilation. Women are encouraged to quit smoking and avoid alcohol and drug use during pregnancy. Nutritional support, including supplementation with folic acid and iron, can improve maternal health and reduce the risk of complications. Managing stress, maintaining a healthy weight, and engaging in regular, moderate physical activity can also help reduce preterm birth risks.

Interventions for Preterm Birth

When preterm birth is inevitable or occurs unexpectedly, timely and appropriate interventions are essential for optimizing outcomes for both the mother and infant. These medications are used to suppress uterine contractions and delay labor, giving the fetus more time to mature. Tocolytics are often administered when preterm labor is detected, particularly between 24 and 34 weeks of gestation. However, their use is generally short-term, as they are not a definitive solution to preterm labor [7].

If preterm birth is imminent between 24 and 34 weeks, corticosteroid injections (e.g., betamethasone) are commonly given to accelerate fetal lung development. These steroids help improve lung maturity and reduce the risk of neonatal respiratory distress syndrome, a common complication of preterm birth. Premature infants often require specialized care, especially if born before 32 weeks of gestation. The NICU provides vital support, including respiratory assistance, temperature regulation, and monitoring for infections. Advances in neonatal care, such as surfactant therapy, have greatly improved survival rates and outcomes for preterm infants. For preterm infants, breastfeeding and kangaroo care (skin-to-skin contact) are critical in promoting growth, bonding, and development. Breast milk is rich in antibodies and nutrients that support the immune system, while kangaroo care helps regulate the baby’s temperature and heart rate, as well as foster emotional well-being [8].

Long-Term Effects of Preterm Birth

While many preterm infants survive, they may experience long-term health challenges. These can include developmental delays, learning disabilities, behavioral issues, and neurological impairments such as cerebral palsy. Preterm birth also increases the risk of respiratory issues, including asthma, and visual and hearing impairments. The costs associated with preterm birth are substantial, both for families and healthcare systems, due to the need for extended neonatal care and potential lifelong interventions [9,10]. As such, preventing preterm birth through improved prenatal care, early intervention, and appropriate medical treatments is crucial not only for improving infant health but also for reducing the long-term burden on society.

Conclusion

Preterm birth remains a complex global issue with significant implications for both maternal and infant health. Early identification of risk factors, coupled with effective prevention strategies such as progesterone supplementation and cervical cerclage, can reduce the incidence of preterm births. When preterm birth cannot be avoided, timely interventions, including corticosteroids and tocolytics, are essential for improving neonatal outcomes. However, continued research and improved access to prenatal care are necessary to further reduce the incidence of preterm birth and mitigate its long-term consequences.

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