Exploring Cryosurgery: A Non-invasive Treatment for Pre-cancerous Skin Conditions

Sriram Elbuluk

doi:10.35841/aarcd-8.3.261

Editorial - Research in Clinical Dermatology (2025) Volume 8, Issue 3

Exploring Cryosurgery: A Non-invasive Treatment for Pre-cancerous Skin Conditions

Sriram Elbuluk ^*

Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA

*Corresponding Author:: Sriram Elbuluk
Department of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, USA
E-mail: sriramp.elbuluk@pennmedicine.upenn.edu

Received: 1-May-2025, Manuscript No. aarcd-25-164963; Editor assigned: 5-May-2025, PreQC No. aarcd-25-164963 (PQ) Reviewed:17-May-2025, QC No. aarcd-25-164963Revised:24-May-2025, Manuscript No. aarcd-25-164963; Published:31-May-2025, DOI: 10.35841/aarcd- 8.3.261

Citation: Elbuluk S. Exploring cryosurgery: A non-invasive treatment for pre-cancerous skin conditions. Res Clin Dermatol. 2025;8(3):261

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Introduction

Cryosurgery, or cryotherapy, is a non-invasive medical procedure that involves the use of extreme cold to destroy abnormal or precancerous tissues. It has gained prominence in the field of dermatology due to its effectiveness in treating various skin conditions, including pre-cancerous lesions like actinic keratosis (AK), which are commonly seen in patients with prolonged sun exposure. Cryosurgery offers a minimally painful, efficient alternative to traditional surgical methods, providing significant benefits to both patients and healthcare providers [1].

Cryosurgery is a procedure that uses liquid nitrogen, which reaches temperatures as low as -196°C (-320°F), to freeze and destroy abnormal skin cells. The application of such extreme cold causes the targeted tissue to freeze, leading to cellular damage and the eventual sloughing off of the affected area. This treatment is particularly beneficial for treating pre-cancerous and early-stage skin lesions because it does not require an incision, stitches, or a lengthy recovery time [2].

Pre-cancerous skin conditions, such as actinic keratosis (AK) and squamous cell carcinoma in situ (SCCIS), occur when UV radiation from the sun damages the skin cells, causing them to grow abnormally. These lesions are often rough, scaly patches that may vary in color, from red to brown or flesh-toned, and they typically appear on sun-exposed areas like the face, neck, and hands. While most actinic keratosis lesions are benign, they have the potential to evolve into invasive skin cancer if left untreated. Cryosurgery is an effective way to treat these lesions before they progress into more serious forms of skin cancer [3].

Cryosurgery typically involves the application of liquid nitrogen to the pre-cancerous lesion using a cryoprobe, cotton-tipped applicator, or spray device. The process usually lasts between 10 to 30 seconds, depending on the size and depth of the lesion. The liquid nitrogen causes the affected tissue to freeze, forming ice crystals within the cells, which leads to cellular rupture and death. Over the next few weeks, the dead tissue is gradually sloughed off, allowing healthy skin to regenerate [4].

One of the primary benefits of cryosurgery is its non-invasive nature. Since the procedure does not involve incisions or sutures, patients experience minimal discomfort and can typically resume their normal activities within a short period. Additionally, cryosurgery is highly effective at treating superficial skin lesions, with success rates often exceeding 85%. This makes it an attractive option for patients who seek an efficient, low-risk treatment for pre-cancerous conditions [5].

Another key advantage is the relatively low cost compared to other treatment options like excisional surgery. Cryosurgery also offers a high degree of precision, as the dermatologist can control the depth of freezing, ensuring that only the targeted tissue is affected. This makes it ideal for treating small lesions in delicate areas, such as the face, where traditional surgical excision may be more invasive [6].

Cryosurgery is most commonly used for treating pre-cancerous conditions like actinic keratosis (AK) and seborrheic keratosis (a benign, wart-like growth), as well as certain early-stage skin cancers, such as basal cell carcinoma (BCC) and squamous cell carcinoma in situ (SCCIS). It is also used for treating warts, genital lesions, and some benign skin growths like liver spots or age spots. Cryosurgery is particularly valuable in managing lesions that are too numerous or widespread for traditional excision [7].

While cryosurgery is generally safe, there are some potential risks and side effects to be aware of. Common side effects include redness, swelling, blistering, and crusting at the treatment site. These side effects usually resolve on their own within a few weeks. In some cases, patients may experience changes in skin pigmentation, with the treated area becoming either lighter or darker than the surrounding skin. This is more likely to occur in individuals with darker skin tones [8].

In rare instances, cryosurgery may cause scarring or infection, particularly if the area is not properly cared for during the healing process. To minimize these risks, patients are advised to follow post-treatment care instructions carefully, including avoiding sun exposure and keeping the area clean and dry [9].

Cryosurgery is highly effective for treating superficial skin lesions and pre-cancerous conditions. Success rates for treating actinic keratosis can range from 80% to 90%, with some studies reporting even higher outcomes. However, the treatment is not suitable for deeper or larger tumors, and patients with thicker lesions may require multiple cryotherapy sessions. Additionally, follow-up visits may be necessary to ensure that the lesion has been fully treated and that no new abnormalities have developed [10].

Conclusion

Cryosurgery remains one of the most valuable tools in dermatology for the treatment of pre-cancerous skin conditions. Its non-invasive nature, high efficacy, and minimal recovery time make it an ideal choice for patients seeking quick and effective treatment for lesions like actinic keratosis. While it is not without risks, the benefits of cryosurgery—along with proper aftercare and follow-up—make it a highly successful treatment for preventing the progression of pre-cancerous lesions into invasive skin cancers. As research and technology continue to improve, cryosurgery’s role in dermatologic care is likely to expand, offering patients even more effective and convenient options for managing their skin health.