Commentary - Journal of Neurology and Neurorehabilitation Research (2022) Volume 7, Issue 2

Anencephaly and non-neural organs in a toddler with congenital abnormalities.

Lee Min^*

Department of Ophthalmology, Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital, Shenyang, China

*Corresponding Author:

Lee Min
Department of Ophthalmology
Shenyang Women's and Children's Hospital
Shenyang
China
E-mail: leeminsy@sina.com

Received: 14-Mar-2022, Manuscript No. AAJNNR-22-106; Editor assigned: 15-Mar-2022, Pre QC No. AAJNNR-22-106(PQ); Reviewed: 21-Mar-2022, QC No. AAJNNR-22-106; Revised: 24-Mar-2022, Manuscript No. AAJNNR-22-106(R); Published: 30-Mar-2022, DOI: 10.35841/aajnnr- 7.2.106

Citation: Min L. Anencephaly and non-neural organs in a toddler with congenital abnormalities. J Neurol Neurorehab Res. 2022;7(2):106

Introduction

Anencephaly is a congenital absence of a large brain region, cranium, or forehead that begins during the first trimester and progresses throughout the pregnancy. Failure of cranial neurulation, the embryologic process that separates the progenitors of the neocortex from amniotic fluid, is the fundamental defect [1].

Anomalies of the craniofacial complex

A hindbrain and optic nerves, cerebellum, brain stem, and spinal cord, among other nervous system elements, can become abnormal [2]. Diprosopus, low set ears, flattened nasal bridge, and cleft palate are all related abnormalities. Corneal clouding, microphthalmia, and exophthalmos are all common complications.

Anencephaly's non-neural glands

Newborns with anencephaly, major circulatory abnormalities that would limit heart transplantation occur. Hypoplastic left-heart syndrome, aortic coarctation, chronic truncus arteriosus, pulmonary atresia, single ventricle, and other serious septal abnormalities are examples of these. In the lungs, neural heterotopias can arise, which are most likely seeded by the amniotic fluid. 5 to 34 percent of newborns with anencephaly have hypoplastic lungs, 2 to 6 percent have diaphragmatic hernia, and 1 to half possess abdomen abnormalities. Anencephaly can be diagnosed with a high degree of confidence in the womb. But, in some situations, it may be difficult to distinguish anencephaly from other severe head deformities [3].

Diagnosis

Lack of the upper section of the cranial vault is used to make the ultrasonography diagnosis. There is either no tissue or an ill-defined mass of heterogeneous density at the level of the orbits, where the cerebral hemispheres are ordinarily visible. Because of defects in the skull and scalp, hemorrhagic, fibrotic tissue is revealed. There are no discernible brain hemispheres.

Etilogy

Amniotic bands and foetal adhesions to the placenta are mechanical forces that impede normal development processes. These factors must occur at or before the induction of cerebral development for anencephaly to arise; if events occur later, they may be coupled with cranial vault survival [4].

Clinical course

Pregnancy with an anencephalic foetus carries a higher risk for both the mother and the foetus. Due to congenital abnormalities affect 13 to 41% of pregnancies, and roughly 65 percent of anencephaly-affected foetuses dies in the womb. The infant is at risk during childbirth due to damage to the uncovered cerebral defect and ischemia caused by the placenta's early detachment. Most of these issues, it is assumed, might be efficiently handled. It's unsure how long such infants would be able to survive with regular neonatal intensive care.

Epidemiology

The Northeast and North Central regions have the greatest rates, while the Mountains and low Plains states have the lowest. As anencephaly is the only main aberration, there is a female character predominance38 and an overabundance of whites. Some feel that prenatal screening and subsequent elective abortion had a significant effect on the rate of neural tube abnormalities.

Neurologic abilities

Anencephaly causes infants to be permanently unconscious due to a lack of functioning cerebral cortex. In various degrees, brain-stem activities are present. And although large portions of the brain stem may be damaged, many neurologic functions are intact in live-born newborns with anencephaly. Most neonatal behaviours have been attributed to cerebral hemisphere activity; but, the occurrence of similar behaviours in infants with anencephaly suggests that they originate in the brainstem.

The persistent vegetative state and anencephaly

A few have wondered if the same justifications that were used to justify removing organs from children with anencephaly could be used to justify removing organs from patients in a persistent vegetative state. A persistent vegetative state is a state of permanent unconsciousness characterised by the loss of all cerebral cortex functions, as well as the inability to recognise oneself or the environment, but with the ability to sleep and wake.

Transplantation of organs from anencephaly infants

Adults liver tissues can be broken into smaller components for transplantation, which could lessen the demand for infant livers. Many newborns with heart problems do not live that long but need to be added to the broadcaster's national list, or they are not treated at one of the few hospitals that undertake paediatric heart transplantation now [5].

Conclusion

Medical Task Force on Anencephaly seeks to use this document, which is limited to medical issues, to analyse the social, legal, and ethical challenges surrounding children with microcephaly. The infant receives routine care until he or she passes away from cardiorespiratory arrest. Organs from the cadaver are removed and transplanted. Chromosomal anomalies babies have been used to make corneas, heart valves, and kidneys.

References

1. Muller F, O'Rahilly R. Cerebral dysraphia (future anencephaly) in a human twin embryo at stage 13 . Teratology 1984; 30:167–77.

Indexed at,   Google Scholar,   Crossref

2. Papp Z, Csecsei K, Toth Z, Polgar K, Szeifert GT. . Exencephaly in human fetuses . Clin Genet 1986; 30:440–4.

Indexed at,   Google Scholar,   Crossref

3. Urich H, Herrick MK. The amniotic band syndrome as a cause of anencephaly: report of a case . Acta Neuropathol (Berl) 1985; 67:190–4.

Indexed at,   Google Scholar,   Crossref

4. Chaurasia BD. . Calvarial defect in human anencephaly . Teratology 1984; 29:165–72.

Indexed at,   Google Scholar,   Crossref

5. Sadovnick AD, Baird PA. . Congenital malformations associated with anencephaly in liveborn and stillborn infants . Teratology 1985; 32:355–61

Indexed at,   Google Scholar,   Crossref

6. Melnick M, Myrianthopoulos NC. . Studies in neural tube defects. II. Pathologic findings in a prospectively collected series of anencephalics . Am J Med Genet 1987; 26:797–810.

Indexed at,   Google Scholar,   Crossref