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Carla Mannu et al., Arch Gen Intern Med 2018, Volume 2 | DOI: 10.4066/2591-7951-C7-021
DISEASES OF THE ORAL MUCOSA AND
CONNECTION WITH DIABATES: AN
EPIDEMIOLOGICAL OVERVIEW
Carla Mannu, Cinzia Casu
and
Riccardo Botta
Private Practice, Italy
D
iabetes is a disease often associated with multiple oral soft tissues pa-
thologies. Recent studies report contrasting prevalence values on this as-
sociation. To date it is not clear whether oral diseases are a consequence or
a predisposing factor to diabetes, but their association is known. High blood
glucose concentrations may underlie infectious, inflammatory and autoim-
mune diseases and may also alter the normal process of cellular repair. All
this gives rise to changes in the endothelium, resulting in alteration of the
oral biofilm and oral mucosal. A review of 2017 showed that 50% of clinical
studies have found multiple alterations of the oral mucosa in patients with
diabetes (DM). A review of 2016 was found that the pathologies of the oral
mucosa had a prevalence of 44% in patients with diabetes type 1 (T1D), and
25% in the control group. The most common oral diseases associated with
diabetes, and therefore more common in daily clinical practice, are: oral Can-
didosis, oral Lichen planus, fixed tongue, Coated tongue, migrant Glossitis,
Hairy Leucoplakia, Burning Mouth Syndrom, Recurrent Aphthous Stomatitis,
Xerostomia, Disgeusia and finally Halitosis. In particular, as regards oral can-
didosis, the Candida is an important fungal pathogen, which can cause the
onset of systemic infectious diseases, oral and vaginal, predominantly in the
elderly and in immunocompromised patients. In the oral cavity it mainly colo-
nizes the buccal mucosa, palate, and, more rarely, the tongue. The species of
Candida are over 150, and are usually found in a state of commensalism, only
some species are pathogenic. Among the most common species we have
C.
Albicans, C.dubliniensis
(isolated in HIV +),
C.glabrata
(frequent in the elderly).
In 40% of healthy subjects, there is no sign of infection, Candidosis infection
occurs when there is an imbalance between the immune defenses by the pa-
tient and the onset of systemic factors (protracted antibiotic therapies in the
time and/or xerostomia) or local (smoke, use of dental prostheses, repeated
trauma and poor oral hygiene) that can favor the colonization of the fungus.
We would like to report some epidemiological data on the literature on the
connection between diabetes and oral disease, with the aim to underline the
importance of interdisciplinary work between dentists and diabetologist.
Carla Mannu has completed a master’s degree in Biolog-
ical Sciences obtained with honors at the University of
Cagliari – Italy. She worked 2 years to Oral Biotechnology
Laboratory (OBL) and to DNA Sequencing Service (DSS),
University of Cagliari. From 2012 to present (six years)
she worked in the diabetes unit in the St Michele Hospital,
Cagliari, as a researcher about Type 1 Diabetes, and as
a local Clinical Study Coordinator of clinical trial and as
a clinical data manager. She, in addition to running dia-
betes research still working with several dentists in the
field of related diseases. She has published more than 10
papers in reputed journals.
ginzia.85@hotmail.itBIOGRAPHY